基于DMSP/OLS数据的中国碳排放时空模拟与分异格局

精准模拟和精细尺度获取碳排放的时空动态信息，对于合理制定差别化的区域碳减排政策具有重要意义.利用DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据在完成年内和跨年数据的校正、像元去饱和、异常值剔除的基础上，提取了城市建成区范围，并以中国大陆为研究对象，根据夜间灯光数据和碳排放统计数据之间的定量关联，构建面板数据模型模拟了2000~2013年中国的碳排放量；采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析方法与Mann-Kendall检验，探讨了14年间中国碳排放量的时空变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明：系统校正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像构建面板模型模拟的碳排放量拟合精度较高，2002，2007和2012年多尺度回归检验的决定系数R²值分别为0.893，0.955和0.951.2000~2013年中国碳排放时空演化差异显著，稳慢增长型和迅猛增长型分别占碳排放区域总面积的77.6%和19.4%，稳慢增长型面域宽广，迅猛增长型主要位于都市区及都市连绵区.受城市规模及城市化发育程度的影响，迅猛增长型空间结构呈"空心型"与"中心型"空间指向性分异.研究提出，促进经济增长方式和发展模式的实质性转变、因地制宜差别化的减排措施与省区联动策略的实施是"精准减排"目标实现的重要途径.     

城市化、外商投资和产业结构因素对中国环境的影响

基于扩展的STIRPAT理论框架,采用动态空间面板模型分析方法,研究城市化、外商直接投资和产业结构因素对中国环境污染的长期与短期空间溢出效应.结果表明,一个地区的城市化率每提高10%,短期会降低当地CO₂排放水平的0.02%、降低邻近地区CO₂排放水平的0.04%;而从长期看会降低本地CO₂排放水平的0.08%、降低临近地区CO₂排放水平的0.2%.在2006年以前,一个地区的能源强度每降低1%,会在短期降低本地CO₂排放水平的0.31%、降低邻近地区CO₂排放水平的0.09%;从长期看则会降低本地CO₂排放水平的1.3%、降低邻近地区CO₂排放水平的0.55%.在2006年后,这种能源强度的变化会使碳排放短期内总共降低0.45%,长期看总共降低2.06%.城市化率每提高10%短期内会减少本地0.05%的SO₂排放、减少邻近地区0.1%的SO₂排放.第二产业比重每降低10%,会分别降低本地和临近区域SO₂排放水平的0.03%和0.09%.人口规模每扩大1%,会提升邻近区域SO₂排放水平的0.55%.能源强度每降低1%,会降低本地SO₂排放水平的0.12%.     

时空效应下PM2.5的环境库兹涅茨曲线——基于动态空间面板视角

经济发展与环境保护的平衡一直是人们关心的话题,为分析空气质量水平与经济发展程度之间的关系,即环境库兹涅茨曲线,本研究利用2013—2017年中国省级PM_(2.5)污染数据,运用动态空间面板数据模型,从而控制相邻省份的空气质量水平与本地上期污染水平,实证分析中国PM_(2.5)环境库兹涅茨曲线的存在性及空间溢出性.结果表明:①PM_(2.5)的环境库兹涅茨曲线在省级基础上表现为倒U形,即随着初期经济水平的发展,大气污染会不断增加,在经济发展到一定水平后,大气污染开始降低;②东部、中部省份的空气污染表现与全国一致,而西部省份尚无显著趋势,只有第一产业产量与空气污染水平呈负相关;③中国整体的PM_(2.5)污染具有显著的空间溢出性;④对二氧化硫和氮氧化物进行环境库兹涅茨曲线研究,发现全国平均而言还处在大气污染的上升阶段.研究表明,中国各地区处在大气污染发展路径的不同阶段上,而且空气污染的治理模式应采取区域联合分块治理的策略.     

中国环境税费政策的双重红利效应——基于系统GMM与面板门槛模型的估计

基于庇古理论征收环境税是解决环境污染外部性的规制手段,构建环境税费的动态面板模型和面板门槛模型,检验环境税费政策是否能产生降低污染又能激励绿色技术创新的双重红利.研究发现：我国环境税费政策的实施存在双重红利,地区高人口密度并未成为环境红利的制约因素,产业结构和能源结构需进一步优化调整才能促进双重红利效应.环境税费政策对环境污染、绿色技术创新存在非线性时变特征,只有在适宜的环境税费区间才能更好地实现双重红利效应;经济发展水平越高,环境税费的双重红利作用越明显.因此,以2018年开始征收环境税为契机,基于地区经济发展异质特征制定全方位的环境税体系是打赢环保攻坚战的重点.     

城市用地扩张、规模经济与经济增长质量

城市用地扩张不仅影响经济增长数量,还通过产业结构升级、城市化、生态环境变化和规模经济等路径影响区域经济增长质量。城市用地扩张,促进市场范围扩大,有利于区域内与区域间开展分工合作,提升城市的集聚经济效益与规模经济水平;但若城市用地扩张使区域突破最优规模经济状态后,因管理与服务成本、交通成本和环境成本等快速增加,城市规模效率会下降,对经济增长质量产生负影响。实证研究结果表明:在全国、中部和西部地区3个空间维度,城市用地扩张与规模效率间存在倒U型关系,而在东部地区此关系并不成立;在4个空间维度,城市用地扩张通过规模经济路径对全要素生产率的影响都为负,表明城市用地扩张已使各区域突破最优规模经济状态,土地要素投入存在冗余现象,与资本、劳动等要素配置比例非最优。研究结果还表明,人力资本、城市化、产业结构升级、基础设施等变量对经济增长质量有正影响。     

Bivariate cointegration between poverty and environment: a case study of Pakistan (1980–2009)

The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate a two-way statistical relationship between the agriculture environment and rural poverty. To recognise the relationship between the two variables, a time series, co-integration and Granger causality tests have been employed. Secondary data pertaining to Pakistan from 1980–2009 on rural poverty and environmental factors (such as commercial energy consumption, water availability and total cropped area) have been used for the analysis. The empirical results only moderately support the conventional view that rural poverty has a significant long-term casual effect on environmental proxies in Pakistan. The present study finds evidence of uni-directional causality between poverty and the environment in the context of the agriculture sector in Pakistan.     

基于面板数据的土地投入对经济增长的影响-以浙江省为例

采用生产函数与面板数据回归模型相结合的研究手段，以地处经济发达地区的浙江省为实证研究区域对土地要素投入对经济增长的影响进行了定量的研究。研究结果表明：(1)就规模效应而言，浙江省的经济增长处于规模报酬不变的发展阶段；(2)浙江省经济增长对劳动力要素的投入最为敏感，其中土地要素、劳动力要素和资本要素增加1个单位的投入量对经济增长的推动为 0.247 3、0.538 5 和 0.321 6；（3）固定资产投入在研究期间是浙江省经济增长的主要推动力，其贡献率达到6823%，而劳动力要素与土地要素则分别为2346%和625%；(4)浙江省土地利用不够集约，在研究期间土地要素对经济增长的影响能被资本要素与劳动力要素有效替代，而劳动力要素则难以被资本投入与土地投入有效替代，劳动集约型产业应该成为浙江省未来发展方向之一。     

工业生态效率对PM2.5污染的影响及溢出效应

针对2004—2016年中国地级市工业生态效率与PM_2.5的时空关联特征和影响作用关系的研究表明：（1）工业生态效率与PM_2.5呈时空交错分布特征,PM_2.5高污染区连片分布于华北平原及长江中下游城市,工业生态效率高等级区集中分布于长三角、珠三角和环渤海经济区等沿海地市及中西部城市群内部分中心地市;（2）工业生态效率对PM_2.5的冲击表现出“U型”变化的负向累积效应,PM_2.5对工业生态效率的冲击则表现为“倒U型”变化的正向累积效应;（3）工业生态效率与PM_2.5呈稳定时空关联演化特征,高高关联类型区集中分布于京津冀城市群、山东半岛城市群和长三角城市群内大部分城市,低低关联类型区多分布于鄱阳湖城市群、关中城市群及西部地市;（4）工业生态效率对PM_2.5总体上具有显著且稳健的正向影响,但表现出明显的空间异质性,工业集聚水平、科技创新及城市绿化率起到显著负向影响,而城市规模、环保监督及产业结构系数影响并不显著。     

An optimized airfoil geometry for vertical-axis wind turbine applications

ABSTRACT

In this work, a new airfoil shape optimized for vertical-axis wind turbine applications is proposed. Different airfoil shapes have been analyzed with JavaFoil, a panel method software. Then, the results from the analysis have been used to optimize the performance of the new airfoil shape. Afterward, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the proposed airfoil, UO-17-LDA, are run for different angles of attack to provide insight into the flow field and the mechanisms related to this increase in performance. The UO-17-LDA airfoil presents a high lift-to-drag ratio and a delayed stall angle with respect to the original FX-63-137 airfoil, making it suitable for vertical-axis wind turbine applications. This increase in performance has been verified by comparing two VAWT designs with the original and the proposed airfoil using a double-multiple streamtube model. Finally, the practicality of JavaFoil for the comparison of different airfoil geometries has been verified, as it is capable of obtaining results for a wide number of flow conditions in small computational times and with a user-friendly interface. Nevertheless, the results diverge from the actual solution for high angles of attack (beyond stall). Hence, the time and effort required to perform CFD simulations is justified to gain insight into the actual behavior of a particular airfoil, as well as to obtain a richer analysis of the flow field and the mechanisms related to the airfoil performance.     

The influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on the green development of the mining industry: empirical analysis based on the system GMM and dynamic panel data model

The intensity of environmental regulation (ERI) affects the short-term effect of the level of green mining (GML), and which structure determines the long-term mechanism. Based on the panel data from 2001 to 2015, with the dynamic panel model and system GMM estimation method were employed to test the influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on green mining and its transmission mechanism. The results show that, there is a “U” type nonlinear relationship between the ERI and GML. The direct effect of command-control-based (CAC) and the market incentive-based (MBI) environmental regulation on green development of mining shows the characteristics of inhibition and promotion. There is a “U” type of indirectly moderating effect between technological innovation and the energy consumption structure on the GML. The technological innovation promotes the green development of the mining industry only after pass the inflection point of MBI, while the CAC plays a significant guiding role in upgrading of the energy consumption structure. There is an inhibition and promotion effect of MBI on the GML in the southeast coastal area, and the CAC is not significantly. Meanwhile, both of the ERI shows no positive effects in the central and western inland region.