西藏芒康滇金丝猴国家级自然保护区变化监测

以第一次全国地理国情普查与基础性地理国情监测数据为数据源,开展西藏芒康滇金丝猴国家级自然保护区内2015、2016、2017、2018年自然保护区建设与管理情况监测,分别从人工地物、林草资源、露天采掘场等方面进行统计,分析人类活动对自然保护区内的生态系统胁迫以及区内生态恢复情况等。     

Evaluation and Optimization of Handle Design Parameters of a Grass Trimming Machine

The grass trimming machine is a widely used agricultural machine for cutting grass by the roadside and in other areas in Malaysia. Hand-arm vibration (HAV) syndrome is very common among workers operating power tools and performing similar work for extended periods. Grass trimming involves the use of a motorized cutter spinning at high speed, resulting in high levels of HAV among its operators. The existing D-shape handle causes HAV-related stress and operational load in operators. This research proposes a new design of a handle of the grass trimming machine. When this new design was compared with the old one, it was found that the new handle resulted in 18% lower HAV. To find the lowest HAV, 3 critical parameters of the new handle (length, angle and material of the cap of the handle) were optimized using the Taguchi quality tool. Appropriately selected parameters of the new handle significantly reduced the occurrence of HAV among grass trimmers.     

硫丹对罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的急性毒性研究

为控制虫害农业上大量使用硫丹,因此硫丹可通过多种途径进入水环境中.养殖环境和水产品中已发现硫丹残留,这给养殖环境和食品安全造成潜在威胁.通过半静态试验方法测定了罗非鱼和草鱼的半致死浓度,并估算了其在水环境中的安全浓度.结果表明,罗非鱼和草鱼的半致死浓度分别为1.97(1.26 -2.87) μg·L-1和2.33(1....     

三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应

坡地果园水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以皇竹草篱为纽带间植于坡地果园营建复合生态模式,对草篱拦蓄泥沙、径流的效应进行了长期观测。结果表明：草篱间植的应用能有效减少坡地果园的水土流失,尤以侵蚀量减少更为显著,与传统果园经营模式相比,径流量减少了5871%~6574%,侵蚀量减少了7070%~7792%。同时,草篱间植的应用对减少养分的流失总量效果也相当显著,对减少库区面源污染,保持和提高坡地果园的土地生产力具有重要作用,为三峡库区坡地果园的利用与保护提供了技术与模式支撑。     

强化浅基质层干植草沟对道路径流的脱氮效果

搭建6个不同结构和介质组成的浅基质层干植草沟模拟柱,在基质层添加较多发酵木屑,利用进水期的脱氮作用,并设置饱水层提高设施落干期脱氮能力,从而强化设施全周期脱氮效果.以半人工道路径流作为进水,考察各模拟柱运行效果,并结合分层取样水质检测结果和模拟柱内体积含水率、ORP的变化过程,分析氮素在不同模拟柱内的去除机制.结果表明:在运行参数相对实际应用环境更为不利的条件下,设置饱水层的模拟柱的TN去除率在67%～78%; TN去除过程主要发生在进水期,且在含较多发酵木屑的基质层即被大量去除;设置饱水层不仅可提高落干期设施脱氮能力,还可保证较浅的基质层在进水期快速达到适宜反硝化的缺氧条件,从而保证进水期设施的脱氮效果;设置持水性过渡层并在其中放置有机质可以有效平衡饱水层碳源补给并控制有机质淋失的问题.     

Arctic marine mammal population status,sea ice habitat loss,and conservation recommendations for the 21st century

Arctic marine mammals (AMMs) are icons of climate change, largely because of their close association with sea ice. However, neither a circumpolar assessment of AMM status nor a standardized metric of sea ice habitat change is available. We summarized available data on abundance and trend for each AMM species and recognized subpopulation. We also examined species diversity, the extent of human use, and temporal trends in sea ice habitat for 12 regions of the Arctic by calculating the dates of spring sea ice retreat and fall sea ice advance from satellite data (1979–2013). Estimates of AMM abundance varied greatly in quality, and few studies were long enough for trend analysis. Of the AMM subpopulations, 78% (61 of 78) are legally harvested for subsistence purposes. Changes in sea ice phenology have been profound. In all regions except the Bering Sea, the duration of the summer (i.e., reduced ice) period increased by 5–10 weeks and by >20 weeks in the Barents Sea between 1979 and 2013. In light of generally poor data, the importance of human use, and forecasted environmental changes in the 21st century, we recommend the following for effective AMM conservation: maintain and improve comanagement by local, federal, and international partners; recognize spatial and temporal variability in AMM subpopulation response to climate change; implement monitoring programs with clear goals; mitigate cumulative impacts of increased human activity; and recognize the limits of current protected species legislation.     

Why geodiversity matters in valuing nature's stage

Geodiversity—the variability of Earth's surface materials, forms, and physical processes—is an integral part of nature and crucial for sustaining ecosystems and their services. It provides the substrates, landform mosaics, and dynamic physical processes for habitat development and maintenance. By determining the heterogeneity of the physical environment in conjunction with climate interactions, geodiversity has a crucial influence on biodiversity across a wide range of scales. From a literature review, we identified the diverse values of geodiversity; examined examples of the dependencies of biodiversity on geodiversity at a site‐specific scale (for geosites <1 km² in area); and evaluated various human‐induced threats to geosites and geodiversity. We found that geosites are important to biodiversity because they often support rare or unique biota adapted to distinctive environmental conditions or create a diversity of microenvironments that enhance species richness. Conservation of geodiversity in the face of a range of threats is critical both for effective management of nature's stage and for its own particular values. This requires approaches to nature conservation that integrate climate, biodiversity, and geodiversity at all spatial scales.     

A Multivariate Analysis of Biophysical Parameters of Tallgrass Prairie Among Land Management Practices and Years

Six treatments of eastern Kansas tallgrass prairie – native prairie, hayed, mowed, grazed, burned and untreated – were studied to examine the biophysical effects of land management practices on grasslands. On each treatment, measurements of plant biomass, leaf area index, plant cover, leaf moisture and soil moisture were collected. In addition, measurements were taken of the Normalized Difference VegetationIndex (NDVI), which is derived from spectral reflectance measurements. Measurements were taken in mid-June, mid-July and late summer of 1990 and 1991. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in the set of variables among treatments and years. Follow-up tests included univariate t-tests to determine whichvariables were contributing to any significant difference. Results showed a significant difference (p < 0.0005) among treatments in the composite of parameters during each of the months sampled. In most treatment types, there was asignificant difference between years within each month. The univariate tests showed, however, that only some variables, primarily soil moisture, were contributing to this difference. We conclude that biomass and % plant cover show the best potential to serve as long-term indicators of grassland condition as they generally were sensitive to effects ofdifferent land management practices but not to yearlychange in weather conditions. NDVI was insensitive to precipitation differences between years in July for most treatments, but was not in the native prairie. Choice of sampling time is important for these parameters to serve effectively as indicators.     

原730矿牧草中的总α、总β、铀、钍、镭-226的污染水平

原730铀矿周围环境,受到了一定程度的放射性污染,其牧草中的总α放射性比活度及铀、镭-226含量均明显高于对照区,但对该矿区周围草食动物的肉、奶剂量的估算,未超过国家食品中放射性物质限制标准,可以食用。     

Contributions of paraecologists and parataxonomists to research,conservation, and social development

Citizen science has been gaining momentum in the United States and Europe, where citizens are literate and often interested in science. However, in developing countries, which have a dire need for environmental data, such programs are slow to emerge, despite the large and untapped human resources in close proximity to areas of high biodiversity and poorly known floras and faunas. Thus, we propose that the parataxonomist and paraecologist approach, which originates from citizen‐based science, is well suited to rural areas in developing countries. Being a paraecologist or a parataxonomist is a vocation and entails full‐time employment underpinned by extensive training, whereas citizen science involves the temporary engagement of volunteers. Both approaches have their merits depending on the context and objectives of the research. We examined 4 ongoing paraecologist or parataxonomist programs in Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea, and southern Africa and compared their origins, long‐term objectives, implementation strategies, activities, key challenges, achievements, and implications for resident communities. The programs supported ongoing research on biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and management, and participants engaged in non‐academic capacity development in these fields. The programs in Southern Africa related to specific projects, whereas the programs in Costa Rica, India, and Papua New Guinea were designed for the long term, provided sufficient funding was available. The main focus of the paraecologists’ and parataxonomists’ activities ranged from collection and processing of specimens (Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea) or of socioeconomic and natural science data (India and Southern Africa) to communication between scientists and residents (India and Southern Africa). As members of both the local land user and research communities, paraecologists and parataxonomists can greatly improve the flow of biodiversity information to all users, from local stakeholders to international academia.