用遗传算法优化工业污染源布局

工业污染源的优化布局是复杂的以偏微分方程为约束条件的控制问题。遗传算法是一种近年发展起来并广泛应用于多个领域优化问题的最优化方法。引入罚函数来处理环境不等式约束，建立了适当的编码方式和适应度函数，应用遗传算法以求解优化布局问题，并进行了数值试验。数值试验结果表明，遗传算法可以有效地用于求解工业污染源的优化布局问题，而且该方法鲁棒性好，适用于任意的目标函数和空气污染模式，天然适合于并行计算，有很好的应用前景。     

放射性环境监测中探测限附近测量数据的处理

阐述了探测限的基本概念和对探测限附近的数据处理问题.提出探测限的作用是用来评价检测的能力,不宜用于常规计数及报告测量结果;判断限则用于对测量结果在统计上是否与本底有显著差别做出判断,也不宜用来报告测量结果.当样品净计数大于(或等于)判断限时,不管其是否小于探测限,都应当报出其测量值及标准差;当样品净计数小于判断限时,用小于限作为其上置信限报告测量结果;在对同类样品结果平均时,无论样品净计数小于判断限,或大于(或等于)判断限,都应当按其活度实测值(正、负或零)参加平均.     

千岛湖有色可溶性有机物光谱学特征及环境指示意义

有色可溶性有机物的光谱学特征能在一定程度上揭示湖泊溶解性有机物来源及其迁移转化规律,探究其光谱学特征对水质保护具有重要的现实意义.本文基于2018年10月在国家级水源供给水库千岛湖布设的60个采样点进行样品采集,运用光谱吸收及三维荧光,结合平行因子分析等方法揭示该湖有色可溶性有机物的光谱特征及其在空间上的变化,进而揭示有机物来源和迁移转化规律,探讨荧光光谱在水质监测应用等方面的指示意义.三维荧光矩阵经平行因子分析解析获得4种荧光组分包括陆源类腐殖酸C1、类酪氨酸C2、类色氨酸C3及微生物作用的类腐殖质C4.类腐殖质组分C1和C4与溶解性有机碳、有色可溶性有机物特征波长吸收系数a(350)均呈现出由西北入湖河口至其它湖区递减的分布趋势,并且C1和C4与溶解性有机碳、a(350)具有很好的相关性与之印证,说明上游新安江输入是千岛湖有机物的主要来源,类腐殖酸是主要的荧光组分.两种类蛋白组分包括类酪氨酸C2和类色氨酸C3分布均具有高度的空间异质性,高值均集中分布在靠近淳安县的湖心区及大坝附近的东南湖区,且该两个组分与叶绿素a浓度无显著相关性.从上游新安江河口至下游大坝出水口方向类腐殖酸组分所占比重逐步减小,而类蛋白组分所占比重增大.结合对该湖周边城镇居民用地分析表明湖心区及东南湖区类蛋白组分一定程度上可能来源于淳安县居民区生活污水的排放;同时,来自上游的类腐殖酸不断稀释及光降解转化为类蛋白组分可能是荧光光谱组成空间变化的又一个原因.C1为主要的荧光信号并与溶解性有机碳、a(350)及叶绿素a浓度具有更好的线性拟合优度,说明陆源类腐殖酸C1相比于其他荧光组分对有机物反演更为准确灵敏.由此表明,千岛湖有色可溶性有机物荧光光谱对有机物来源和迁移转化规律及水质监测等方面具有重要的环境指示意义.     

同时产甲烷反硝化与硝化串联工艺处理淀粉废水

采用UASB作为同时产甲烷反硝化反应器、AUSB作为好氧硝化反应器的串联工艺处理实际淀粉废水.结果表明:①将好氧反应器的出水硝化液按1:1～3:1的回流比回流到UASB反应器,可在其中实现同时产甲烷反硝化,进水有机(以COD计)负荷约为11kg·m-3·d-1时,COD去除率为95%;NO-3-N负荷可达0.48 kg·m-3·d-1,NO-3-N去除率高达100%.②UASB反应器的出水进入AUSB反应器,其有机负荷为0.5～2 5 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率为63%～91%;氨氮负荷为0.2～0.9 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率在98.8%以上.③串联工艺在回流比为1:1、2:1、3:1下,COD去除率分别为98.7%、98.3%、99.3%,总氮去除率分别为72.9%、76.3%、82.9%.④随着UASB反应器内进水硝酸盐负荷的增加,其颗粒污泥与接种污泥相比,粒径明显增加,平均密度先增加后减小,最大比产甲烷活性先降低,而后有较大提高.     

一种新的絮凝沉淀实验的数据处理法

通过分析现有絮凝沉淀实验的数据处理方法,指出了其存在的不足。并提出了其改进后的新方法     

Hazard perception of stroke drivers in a video-based Japanese hazard perception task

Objective: Hazard perception (HP) is the ability to identify a hazardous situation while driving. Though HP has been well studied among neurologically intact populations, little is known about the HP of neurologically impaired populations (in this study, stroke patients). The purpose of this study is, first, to investigate the HP of stroke patients and, second, to verify the effect of lesion side (right or left hemisphere) on HP, from the viewpoint of hazard types.

Methods: Sixty-seven neurologically intact age-matched older drivers and 63 stroke patients with valid driver’s licenses conducted a video-based Japanese HP task. Participants were asked to indicate the hazardous events in the driving scenario. These events were classified into 3 types: (1) behavioral prediction hazards (BP), which are those where the cause is visible before it becomes a hazard; (2) environmental prediction hazards (EP), which are those where the ultimate hazard may be hidden from view; and (3) dividing and focusing attention hazards (DF), which are those where there is more than one potential hazard to monitor on approach．Participants also took part in the Trail Making Test (TMT) to evaluate visual information processing speed.

Results: The results showed that the number of responses was significantly fewer for stroke patients than for age-matched drivers for all hazard types (P < .001), and this difference was not affected by lesion side (P > .05). It was also found that stroke patients showed a slower response time than age-matched drivers only for BP (P < .001). The lesion side did not affect response latency (P > .05). Results of the TMT revealed that age-matched drivers completed the task significantly faster than stroke patients (P < .001) and that neither TMT-A nor TMT-B differentiated between patients with left hemisphere damage and patients with right hemisphere damage (P > .05).

Conclusions: Firstly, HP in stroke patients is low compared to age-matched drivers. Secondly, even if stroke patients notice hazards, their response may be delayed in a BP situation, due to a slower visual information processing speed. Thirdly, the lesion side does not appear to affect HP.     

Industrial energy efficiency potentials: an assessment of three different robot concepts

The rise in energy consumption and the associated costs instigate financial concerns among industrial energy consumers. For industrial processes addressing heating and cooling as well as material transformation, a wide range of energy efficiency measures have been developed and successfully implemented. In contrast to that, most robot-based operations such as pick-and-place motions or assembly tasks still use inefficient standard concepts causing high-energy consumption and high-energy costs. Thanks to a rather low payload-to-weight ratio of new robot designs, such as parallel kinematic or hybrid robot manipulators, a high potential for energy savings is expected. This article identifies potentials for energy saving concerning industrial consumers by assessing three different robot concepts. Based on a literature review, two existing designs for robots – the conventional serial robot and the parallel kinematic robot are analysed and compared with respect to the energy utilised during a typical item placement task. Afterwards, the concept of PARAGRIP, a hybrid of the two presented robot designs is introduced and examined based on simulation regarding its energy consumption. The final results demonstrate significantly different energy consumptions between the robot concepts, identifying potential savings of about 40% in a selected industrial application scenario.     

木制品加工企业安全生产标准化建设过程中常见问题浅析

黑龙江省是我国重要的木制品加工生产基地,木材经过加工生产成各式各样的木制品,服务于生活的各个角落。但木制品加工过程中涉及到各类木工机械、喷涂作业等,常常伴随火灾、爆炸、机械伤害、粉尘、噪声等多种危险和有害因素。安全生产标准化建设,是我国推行的一项重要的安全管理措施,通过达标、升级的工作方式让企业的安全管理工作做到量值化、规范化和标准化。     

2010年秋季长江口口外海域CDOM的三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术,研究了长江口口外海域的有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光组分特征及其河口动力学行为.PARAFAC模型识别出长江口口外海域的CDOM由6个荧光组分组成,即陆源类腐殖质荧光组分C1[330 nm/390(430)nm]、C2(390 nm/480 nm)、C3(360 nm/440 nm)、海洋生物产物组分C5(300 nm/400 nm)及类蛋白质荧光组分C4(290 nm/350 nm)和C6(275 nm/300 nm).结果表明,C1、C2和C3组分在河口混合过程中呈保守行为,特别是在长江口口外高盐度区;C1和C3组分在总组分中所占比例在整个研究区域随盐度增加呈稀释降低趋势,C2组分在总组分中所占比例在整个区域保持不变;C4组分在低盐度区呈保守行为,在高盐度区呈不保守行为,其在总组分中所占比例在整个研究区域呈上升趋势;C5和C6组分则在整个河口混合过程中呈非保守行为,并且它们在总组分中所占比例在高盐度区呈上升趋势.另外,近岸区和远岸区的CDOM吸收系数a(355)存在显著空间差异,近岸区明显大于远岸区,并且近岸区的a(355)和光谱斜率S的范围小于远岸区;CDOM吸收系数a(355)与陆源类腐殖质C1、C2和C3以及类蛋白质色氨酸C4存在较好的正相关性,而与海洋生物产物C5和类蛋白质酪氨酸C6不存在显著相关性,表明近岸区主要受河流输入影响,而远岸区由陆源和现场生物产生共同控制.     

渤海和北黄海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分布特征和季节变化

采集了2016年的4、8、12月和2017年2月渤海和北黄海表、中、底海水样品,分析了海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,探讨了渤海和北黄海海域CDOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节变化.结果表明,不同季节CDOM分布相似,呈近岸高、远海低的分布特征.吸收系数a(355)和光谱斜率S275-295呈显著负相关,说明CDOM受到陆源输入的显著影响.垂直分布上,8月,受强烈的光降解作用影响,表层CDOM含量最低. 2月,底层CDOM含量最低,这可能与受光照影响的初级生产力在水下分布不均匀有关.从2016年4月～2017年2月,CDOM含量先上升后下降,12月含量最高,2月含量最低. CDOM的季节变化主要受陆源输入和浮游植物生物量的季节变化控制.以光谱斜率S275-295表征CDOM的平均分子量,2月由于陆源输入最少,CDOM平均分子量最小.夏季光降解强烈,将部分大分子量有机物降解成小分子量有机物,小分子量有机物增加,因此,8月CDOM的平均分子量小于4月和12月.