厌氧/好氧SPNDPR系统实现低C/N城市污水同步脱氮除磷的优化运行

为了解同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/好氧运行的SBR反应器,通过联合调控曝气量和好氧时间,考察了该系统启动与优化运行特性.结果表明,当系统好氧段曝气量为0. 8 L·min~(-1),好氧时间为150 min时,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度约为1. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度由10. 28 mg·L~(-1)和8. 14 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0 mg·L~(-1)和2. 27 mg·L~(-1),出水NO_2~--N浓度逐渐升高至1. 81 mg·L~(-1);当曝气量提高至1. 0 L·min~(-1)且好氧时间缩短至120min后,系统除磷、短程硝化性能逐渐增强,但总氮(TN)去除性能先降低后逐渐升高,最终出水PO_4~(3-)-P、NH_4~+-N分别稳定低于0. 5 mg·L~(-1)和1. 0 mg·L~(-1),好氧段亚硝积累率和SND率分别达98. 65%和44. 20%,TN去除率达79. 78%. SPNDPR系统内好氧段好氧吸磷、反硝化除磷、短程硝化、内源反硝化同时进行保证了低C/N污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

不同停曝比对连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥运行的影响

在（25~28℃）下,接种成熟亚硝化颗粒污泥于连续流反应器,为避免通过蠕动泵的污泥回流所造成的颗粒污泥破碎,采用内置沉淀区进行内回流,调整停曝比为1：1、2：1和1：2,研究不同停曝比对连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,控制停曝比为1：1和2：1,亚硝化性能良好,阶段末期亚硝酸盐积累率分别为85.2%和94.5%,控制停曝比为1：2,亚硝化性能逐渐恶化,阶段末期氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐积累率下降至64.1%和58.7%.批次试验表明,间歇曝气相对连续曝气可在一定程度上较好地抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的相对活性,停曝时间越长,对NOB的活性抑制越好,但由于停曝时间过长也将导致氨氧化率降低,故在亚硝化工艺中,可采用1：1停曝比并协同其他控制条件的方式来实现连续流亚硝化工艺的长期稳定运行.污泥性能分析表明,在停曝比为1：1~1：2范围内,停曝时间越长,颗粒污泥结构越稳定,停曝时间越短,反应器内选择压较小,致使污泥沉降性能变差,部分亚硝化颗粒污泥解体,此外,胞外聚合物（EPS）化学分析及三维荧光光谱分析显示,停曝比为2：1条件下,蛋白（PN）含量较高且蛋白/多糖（PN/PS）值也较高.     

乌东矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征研究

为研究急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征,基于急倾斜特厚煤层工作面顶板赋存条件并结合弹性力学,建立了急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采顶板力学模型。通过力学模型分析,推导出急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采后顶板沿工作面倾向方向的岩板破断判据及挠度公式,应用三角级数方法对挠度公式进行求解,确定了顶板沿倾向方向上最大挠度发生的位置关系式。理论研究成果在乌东矿南采区B1+2急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采中的工程应用表明,工作面沿倾向方向上推进到385 m时顶板发生破断,倾向方向顶板最大挠度坐标位置为y=325.78 m,顶板沿工作面倾向方向的最大挠度位于采空区中部偏下位置。表现为急倾斜特厚煤层顶板在工作面上方的非对称性破断;相似材料试验进一步验证了顶板挠度公式的合理性。     

膜生物反应器亚硝化性能的影响因素研究

利用膜生物反应器成功启动了亚硝化工艺处理人工合成废水.为了确定影响亚硝化工艺效果的因素,先后对温度和溶解氧浓度进行了研究,结果表明,在温度35℃并且NH4+-N负荷平均0.45 kg.(m3.d)-1和溶解氧0.5 mg/L的条件下,可使出水中NO3--N的浓度低于20 mg.L-1,而ρ(NO2--N)∶ρ(NH4+-N)接近1.0.同时发现反应器运行期间,在低溶解氧的情况下,膜组件的污染并不严重.荧光原位杂交分析发现,在膜生物反应器中氨氧化菌成为优势菌种,亚硝酸盐氧化菌的活性受到了抑制.微生物群落分析则进一步提供了实现亚硝化工艺所必需的生物信息.     

建筑工程生产事故死亡人数时间序列分析

为研究建筑工程安全生产事故死亡人数的变化规律,采用时间序列分析方法,分析了建筑安全事故死亡人数时间序列上的趋势性规律,通过数据预处理和模型的识别与检验,最终建立了安全事故死亡人数预测模型。对全国2005—2014年建筑工程安全生产事故造成的死亡人数进行了分析和预测。结果表明:ARIMA模型各年预测值与实际值误差率为0.393,相比灰色模型和BP神经网络模型误差率最小。总体上说,ARIMA模型较适用于随机性较大的数据的趋势预测。     

西安市大气环境质量评价及变化趋势预测

选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,采用时间序列的方法对西安市2009年-2014年大气环境质量进行分析评价.结果表明:2009年-2012年西安市空气质量达到了国家二级标准,SO2和NO2的年平均含量下降,2013年都略有上升,但总体上呈下降趋势,而颗粒物的年平均含量呈上升趋势且为影响该市空气质量的主要污染物,主要污染时间为1季度和4季度;利用GM(1,1)模型,预测2015年空气质量变化趋势,提出2015年应该采取措施降低颗粒物的含量,提高本市空气质量.     

高斯扩散衍生公式在环境风险评价中的应用

为在大气环境风险评价中客观地确定危险源、估算各类突发性事故的危害,在高斯扩散模型基础上,通过严格的数学推导,得出一整套适用于鉴别与评估大气环境突发事故危害后果（危害区、危害期等）的定量估算公式,使用方便,结果精确。所有公式使用条件与高斯扩散模型相同,可用于直接求取任意浓度等值线精确的时、空位置及其特征点位置。作为高斯扩散模型的衍生公式,可广泛应用于风险工程设计、风险工程保险、环境风险评价、环境风险管理、环境影响评价与环境规划等各个领域     

COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS1

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper were to test the ability of various design storm distributions to simulate the actual rainfall pattern and to compare the runoff rates used in the design of stormwater management devices in the State of Florida using continuous simulation approach. The analyses were performed for four gaged stations to evaluate the applicability of design storm distributions in different parts of the State of Florida. The approach used in this study compared the peak runoff rates from design storms based on the various distributions to those that would result from actual rainfall events. A series of continuous runoff rates were developed through the use of actual fifteen-minute recorded rainfall data, Horton type infiltration decay and recovery rate, and a continuous simulation model. The runoff rates were analyzed using frequency distributions to obtain peak runoff rates associated with different return periods based on the assumption that the continuous simulation approach closely predicts the actual runoff rates from the gaged stations. The results show that the behavior of the design storm distributions varies for different watershed characteristics in different parts of the state. The study also suggests that in general the Florida Department of Transportation and the Suwanne River Water Management (FDOT/ SRWMD) distributions appeared to agree with the continuous simulation results.     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

Trends of air pollution in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains, Bavaria

We analyzed 13 years of hourly measurements of SO₂, NO_x, and O₃, at forest ecosystem research sites in SE Germany. A quasi-continuous data record was obtained by combining data sets from two locations. Before interpreting trends in the combined data set, we analyzed if the change of location introduced a systematic bias. We employed autocorrelation functions, Hurst statistics, complexity analysis, and recurrence quantification and found that the partial data sets exhibited no indication of the presence of any bias. For SO₂, we also compared the data from the forest sites with data obtained in nearby cities and also found no indications for any systematic effects. Applying nonparametric trend statistics we found a significant decrease of the SO₂. Most of the observed decrease is due to the reductions of SO₂ emissions in eastern Germany, but reductions in western Germany and the Czech Republic also played important roles. For O₃, we observed a significant increase, the causes of which are unclear from our data alone. No trend was identified for NO_x.