不同粒径近地表大气尘元素分配规律研究——以成都经济区为例

将不同地貌单元和城市不同功能区的近地表大气尘机械筛分,分析其粒度组成和化学组成特征及其相互关系,以探讨元素在不同粒径大气尘颗粒中的分配规律。研究结果表明:近地表大气尘颗粒粒径主要集中在300~400目(38.5~54μm),其中城市和丘陵地区质量分数最高,达56.596%~68.493%。化学组成上,人为扰动重金属元素,除Pb本底值比较高外,总体上城市高于丘陵和山区;Al2O3、Na2O、SiO2、Ti、Zr等稳定元素总体上,随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐增大;Mn、P、S等元素,总体上随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐减小。Pb、Zn、Cr等人为扰动元素,大粒径近地表大气尘元素含量稍大于小粒径元素含量,但小粒径元素含量总体上仍呈现随粒径的减小而逐渐增大的趋势。     

光子相关光谱（PCS）在无机高分子絮凝剂形态表征中的应用

本文运用现代先进的微粒检测手段光子相关光谱对常见的两类无机高分子絮凝剂的形态进行了表征。实验结果表明：在所测聚合氯化铁溶液中，体系呈较为单一的集中分布，由平移扩散系数计算得到平均有效直径在５－１１ｎｍ左右。在所测聚合氯化铝溶液中，主要为双峰分布，熟化后样品约为２－５ｎｍ的小颗粒与数十ｎｍ以上分布较宽的聚集体，另外，本文对光子相关光谱在形态表征中的优缺点及其它应用的可能性也作了一定的论述。     

Modelling forest succession in two southeastern Canadian mixedwood ecosystem types using the ZELIG model

The gap model ZELIG was validated for red spruce–balsam fir–yellow birch and yellow birch–sugar maple–balsam fir forest types in southern Quebec, Canada. Long-term historical data originating from the Lake Edward Experimental Forest, La Mauricie National Park, were used. The effect of the variation in plot size, representing the space within which trees uptake site resources, was also examined. Several species were included in both forest types: red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) and northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). The pattern of change in basal area growth varied among species, ranging from a steady increase to a more or less rapid decline. There was a good agreement between observations and predictions for yellow birch, red spruce, red maple, sugar maple, balsam fir and northern white cedar. Plot size had a significant impact on the dynamics of the different species. Depending on the species, the decline was accelerated, the amplitude of the fluctuations varied, or the maximum basal area reached changed. Predicted regeneration varied among species and the number of seedlings generally increased with increase in plot size. The pattern of development for most species was related to their life characteristics. The results highlighted the fact that there is a critical lack of knowledge and data on the dynamics of regeneration from the seedling to the sapling stages for the two forest types studied, which resulted in poor predictions for some species. As the life characteristics varied among species, the use of only one plot size for all species may not be realistic.     

复合生态处理系统颗粒构成差异及其效应分析

研究了复合生态处理系统中不同单元颗粒物的构成差异，探讨了颗粒构成对其去除机制、粒径分布和去除规律的影响．结果表明，水环境对系统后端颗粒构成产生的影响明显高于对系统前端的影响．颗粒构的成差异决定无机颗粒沉降，有机颗粒分解、藻类被捕食、颗粒截滤依次在颗粒物的去除中占主导地位．不同水环境中，颗粒构成和去除机制的差异导致不同单元颗粒物去除规律的相应变化．     

The effect of helpers on artificially increased brood size in sociable weavers (Philetairus socius)

In cooperatively breeding birds, the presence of helpers is expected to increase the reproductive success of the breeding pair. However, some studies fail to find this effect. A positive effect of helpers may be restricted to cases in which a breeding pair has a poor likelihood of raising the entire brood on its own, as would be the case under stressful environmental conditions or with enlarged brood sizes. We conducted brood size manipulations in a cooperative breeder, the sociable weaver, Philetairus socius, to investigate the relationship between the difficulty of raising nestlings and the effort and impact of helpers. Overall, sociable weavers did not work harder to raise the enlarged broods. However, the presence of helpers significantly increased the feeding rates at enlarged nests, but not controls. This was insufficient to prevent generalised brood reduction in enlarged broods, whether attended by pairs alone or with helpers. Nonetheless, the presence of helpers was associated with decreased nestling mortality and an increase in the numbers of young fledged. Our results suggest that groups are better able to respond to the needs of enlarged broods than pairs alone and that the presence of helpers has a beneficial effect on overall reproductive success.Communicated by J. Dickinson     

Evaluation of PCDD/F congener distributions in MWI flue gas treated with SCR catalysts

Partitioning of PCDD/F congeners between gaseous and particulate phases and removal efficiencies of the air pollution control devices (APCDs) for PCDD/Fs at an existing municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in Taiwan are evaluated via stack sampling and analysis. The MWI investigated is equipped with electrostatic precipitators (EP), wet scrubbers (WS) and selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) as APCDs. The average PCDD/F concentration of stack gas is 1.49 ng/N m³, and the International Toxic Equivalent Quantity (I-TEQ) is 0.043 ng-I-TEQ/N m³. The EP increases PCDD/F concentration by 174.0% while the average removal efficiency of WS + SCR system for PCDD/Fs reaches 99.1%. In addition, the PCDF removal efficiency achieved with WS + SCR system (97.1–99.8%) is higher than that for PCDDs (96.5–99.3%). The results obtained on gas/particulate partitioning in flue gas indicate that the particulate-phase PCDD/Fs accounted for 65% at the inlet of EP, 20% at the outlet of EP and 50% at the stack, respectively, of the total PCDD/F concentrations. This study also indicates that as the chlorination level of PCDD/F congeners increases, the percentage of PCDD/Fs existing in gas phase decreases in all flue gas samples.     

影响弯曲件展开料尺寸计算的几个因素

实际工作中 ,常常会发现有的弯曲件经模具弯曲后的实际尺寸与预先计算的展开料尺寸有较大偏差。针对这一问题 ,从中性层弯曲半径的计算公式及中性层的位移、几种弯曲工艺方案的比较和不同弯曲模具结构的选择等方面 ,分析了造成这种偏差、影响弯曲件展开料尺寸计算准确性的几个因素     

机动车尾气中颗粒物对人体健康的危害

本文介绍了燃油机动车在不同运行状况下排放颗粒物的情况;以及不同粒径颗粒物与其它环境空气中污染物协同作用对人体健康的危害.     

华北山区大气气溶胶浓度及其尺度谱分布的研究

1980年3月,我们在北京北部山区,用光学粒子计数器观测了“干净”地区近地层大气气溶胶浓度与尺度谱分布。发现“有霾”大气气溶胶的浓度及其尺度谱分布的变化特征具有特殊性。计算表明,三参数谱模式的拟合效果较好。     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗伏沙地土壤环境粒度特征分析

通过对西乌珠穆沁旗境内不同类型伏沙地的土壤剖面特征和土壤粒径的分析认为:伏沙地土壤具有两层结构,其平均粒径大于地带性土壤.腐殖质层从上至下的粒径变化是先减小后增大.由松散的沙物质组成的母质层能够提供充足的水分,促进了矿物质的循环,使伏沙地的养分输出加快,不利于积累.良好的通气状况便有机物质矿化速度加快,不利于腐殖质的积累.