Life-Cycle Impact Assessment of oil drilling mud system in Algerian arid area

The objective of this work is to assess the environmental impacts of the drilling mud system in Algeria's arid region. Water-based mud (WBM) and oil-based mud (OBM) are used during well drilling in Hassi Messaoud petroleum field, and have a considerable pollution potential particularly on the aquifer system which constitutes the single resource of drinking water in the Sahara. The Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is applied to evaluate the impacts of several drilling mud systems across all stages of their life cycle, e.g. use, treatment and disposal. Environmental impacts of five treatments scenarios corresponding to the drilling waste management applied in Hassi Messaoud are compared: reserve pit without treatment (burial option), secondary high centrifugation (vertical cuttings dryer), stabilisation/solidification online, stabilisation/solidification off line and thermal desorption. The impact assessment is carried on using the LCIA models of Impact 2002+ method in SIMAPRO7 software. This assessment identifies human toxicity and terrestrial eco-toxicity as the major impact categories in this specific arid context and quantifies the emissions contributions. The local environmental impact is the most important of the drilling mud life cycle and is mainly linked to emissions from reserve pits, treated cuttings, and drilling phase 16″ through the Turonian and Albian aquifer. The main contributing substances are aromatic hydrocarbons fraction and metals in particular barium, zinc, antimony, arsenic, and aluminium. Concerning the comparison of the treatment scenarios, it appears that stabilisation/solidification online is the best one; it has the lowest impact score in the two dominating categories because of the waste minimisation: mud storage avoided in the reserve pit. The second best scenario is the thermal desorption which obtains the lowest impact score in carcinogen effects due to hydrocarbons reduction (<1%) and avoided impacts of recovered oil. The toxic substances fate modeling will be improved by taking into account their site-specific impact.     

西北地区生态用水的探讨

我国西北地区多处于干旱气候带，水资源匮乏，生态环境脆弱。为实施西北地区生态恢复与重建，必须合理开发和利用该区有限的水资源，科学地确定社会用水同生态用水的比例，积极保证生态用水，合理利用生态用水，注重生态用水的多重效益。结合西北干旱区实际情况，就这一地区生态用水的开发和利用做了分析阐述。     

PREDICTING EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A STRIPMINED AND RECLAIMED AREA1

ABSTRACT A rill-interrill erosion model was applied to a mined and reclaimed area. Soil loss from the interrill areas was estimated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The model considers the fate and ultimate disposition of the sediment from interrill areas along with the fate and destination of soil materials detached by the rill flow. The net sediment loss was predicted by comparing, for a given flow, the amounts of eroded soil to rill transport capacity. When applied to a selected stripmined and reclaimed site the model displayed the location of contributing areas and the amount of erosion and deposition. The predicted areal distribution of erosion and deposition was compared to measured data. Agreement between the predicted and measured values was within 25 percent.     

煤矿区环境污染与洁净技术

煤炭开采在给社会带来经济效益的同时 ,也导致了矿区的环境污染和生态破坏 ,如煤炭开采引起地表塌陷 ;煤炭开采过程中的废弃物、噪声污染和破坏人类生活环境等。为了保护好生态环境 ,必须采用清洁开采技术 ,才能保持能源生产、消费和生态之间的平衡     

基于模糊统计的山区公路安全评价研究

应用模糊统计中的集值统计方法对山区公路进行交通安全评价研究,以克服应用等级比重法和专家评分法对模糊和非定量化指标评价中评价精度不高的问题。首先建立评价指标体系并进行权重分配,采用集值统计法确定评价值,最终得出道路安全评价结果,确定影响交通安全的主要因素。通过算例说明了模糊统计法能有效解决山区公路安全性评价问题。     

平原区交叉口安全分析与改善对策研究

针对目前平原区公路交叉口事故多发的现状,笔者对平原区公路交叉口与山区公路交叉口进行对比,指出平原区公路交叉口具有数量多、范围大、车速高的特点;同时分析平原区公路事故情况,指出平原区公路交叉口事故多发的主要致因是缺乏渠化、路权不清,车速过高和视距不足;提出了交叉口安全保障的一般措施,并具体介绍了明确路权、降低车辆行驶速度和增加交叉口行车视距的方法。除介绍了平原区公路交叉口的一般处置措施外,笔者还将平原区公路交叉口分为大型交叉口、村镇交叉口和小型交叉口,并针对不同类型的交叉口的特点,从标志、标线、减速丘、薄层铺装、宣传教育等方面提出了相应的安全保障措施。     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

近塌陷区矿山公路开采沉降规律及安全性研究

由于受到地下开采扰动的影响,如何保证矿山公路的安全性是研究者们关注的焦点之一。从工程实际出发,基于三维几何建模软件和MIDAS/GTS有限元软件的结合技术,通过建立地表三维模型和矿体三维模型,构建了关于塌陷区沉降模拟的精细三维模型,开展了地下开采过程中临近塌陷区矿山公路沉降特性及其安全性的数值模拟研究。结果表明,随着地下开采强度和范围的增大,地表沉降的规模和程度都在不断增加,临近塌陷区的矿山公路及沿线边坡受到了地下采动的影响也变大;虽然总体仍保持稳定,但是在公路的局部区域存在一定的安全隐患;计算结果和实地调查的情况一致,故得到矿山公路的沉降特性规律为下一步塌陷区的安全有效处治提供了基础数据。     

高位钻孔与采空区埋管瓦斯抽放技术对比研究

为了采取合理的瓦斯抽采技术,实现矿井安全高效开采,对朱集煤矿13—1煤层实行高位钻孔以及上隅角采空区埋管作为抽采瓦斯实验方案。通过对现场工程实践以及实测数据进行对比分析,得出了实验结果。结果表明：应用高位钻孔瓦斯抽采技术的抽采效果十分明显,且工程施工费用较低,易于生产管理,该抽采技术适用于朱集煤矿采空区瓦斯抽放。     

Differences in urban and rural accident characteristics and medical service utilization for traffic fatalities in less-motorized societies

Introduction

Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.

Method

This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.

Results

A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.

Conclusion

Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.

Impact on industry

Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions.