Indigenous people and mineral taxation regimes

Indigenous people in a number of major mineral-producing countries have established a substantial and growing capacity to tax mineral resources extracted from their traditional lands. However, almost no analysis has been conducted regarding the conceptual and practical issues involved in designing mineral taxation regimes for use by indigenous people. The general literature on mineral taxation is of limited relevance because basic assumptions it makes regarding the nature of the taxing authority (national or state governments) do not apply to indigenous peoples. This article discusses some key characteristics of indigenous communities as they relate to taxation of mineral resources. Against this background, it identifies a number of approaches to mineral taxation which might be utilized by indigenous groups and which acknowledge the specific constraints and circumstances they face while at the same time recognizing their need to attract and maintain investment on their traditional lands. It also reviews the inter-relationship between indigenous and state or governmental tax regimes.     

机动车尾气的产生及对人群健康的影响和防治对策

较详细的介绍了机动车燃料和尾气的关系，全面论述了尾气中主要污染物对人体健康的危害，并对防治尾气的污染提出了建议。     

从安全角度设计车险条款的探讨

为了使驾驶者安全驾驶,达到减少交通事故和降低保险公司理赔支出的目的,笔者的研究课题是从安全角度出发,通过条款细分的方法讨论了安全驾驶与保费厘定之间的关系,确立了“以人为本”、“从车原则”的车险条款厘定细分原则。通过分析人的性别、年龄、驾龄、驾驶记录因素、车的安全性能和使用方式等因素对安全驾驶的影响,可以得出以下结论:适当减少安全驾车者的投保费用,增加风险大的驾驶者和投保车辆的投保费用,这样可以做到以防为主,减少交通事故发生,发挥保险对交通危险的调控作用,也有利于整治保险行业的违规行为,实现车险市场的公开、公平、公正的竞争态势。     

论时政环节在"两课"教学中的重要作用

“两课”教学中的时政环节为“两课”教学走出困境提供了现实可能性。它在培养学生的辩证思维方式,增强学生的时代责任感和历史使命感,促进学生正确价值观的形成以及导入新课,提高学生自信心和活跃“两课”课堂气氛等方面都起到了积极的推动作用。可以说,时政教学是增强“两课”教学时代性和感召力的重要环节。     

安徽省无为、和县区域主体功能的分区

主体功能区域划分是有别于过去任何区划的创新性的工作,目前作为全国及各省的一项重要战略任务已经全面展开,但涉及具体县域单元的典型实证研究较为薄弱。随着中部崛起战略的提出和实施,中部安徽沿江地区正掀起开发沿江的高潮,迎来快速发展期。以安徽沿江地区无为、和县为实证区域,以乡镇为基本空间单元,以GIS为技术支撑,运用“生态 经济社会支撑力”互斥性矩阵分区方法,将县域开发的功能区划分为优先开发区域、鼓励开发区域、适度开发区域、引导开发区域和禁止开发区域5种类型。并根据功能分区的分类结论,确定出县域开发轴线、产业空间布局、生态保护轴线与保护框架。最后,在实证研究基础上,对确定县域开发轴线和生态保护轴线的思路以及县域功能分区的方法论基础进行了探讨。     

Monitoring of Radiation-Exposed People Close to Mayak Nuclear Facility in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russia) Using Different Biodosimetric Methods

Between 1949 and 1957 Mayak Nuclear Facility locatedin the Chelyabinsk region released some discharges ofradiochemical production wastes into the Techa Riverand Lake Karachay which resulted in an extensivecontamination of large territories with long-livedradionuclides such as ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, and²³⁹Pu. Between 1994 and 1996 the research teamof Siberian Medical University conducted thechromosome analysis and the electron-spin resonance(ESR) spectrometry of tooth enamel in theradiation-exposed inhabitants of four settlements inthe Techa River region. We observed significantlyincreased levels of chromosome aberrations in theradiation-exposed inhabitants as compared to thecontrols. The ESR signal intensity and the chromosomeaberration frequency in lymphocytes of the toothdonors showed a good correlation. Moreover, therewas a good correlation between the level ofwhole-body ¹³⁷Cs activity detected by awhole-body radiation counter and the frequency ofchromosome aberrations among the radiation-exposed inhabitants. The data showed that 15% of theinhabitants of the Muslyumovo settlement received aradiation dose exceeding 100 cGy. The frequency ofchromosome abnormalities reached its peak in thepersons born between 1949 and 1957. We suppose thatradionuclides incorporated in the body are responsiblefor the chromosome aberrations in the inhabitants.     

县域主体功能分区研究 ——以江苏宜兴市为例

主体功能区划是协调我国当前经济快速发展与资源环境保护问题的有效途径之一。以位于经济快速发展的长江三角洲江苏宜兴市为例,在建立宜兴市主体功能分区评价指标体系的基础上,采用主成分分析法确定各评价因子权重,运用灰色关联投影模型分别计算资源环境约束、现有开发强度、未来发展潜力3个投影值并划分高、中、低3个等级;根据各镇资源环境 开发强度 发展潜力组合类型,利用三维魔方图分类法进行主体功能区划,将宜兴市划分为优化整合区、重点拓展区、适度发展区、农林优先区、生态保护区5个主体功能区,分区结果更加突出主体功能区从开发型到保护型逐步过渡的“主体功能”特性。此外,通过灰色关联投影模型计算出的评价样本投影值用模的大小和评价样本与理想样本间的夹角余弦的乘积表示,使得评价结果更为全面、准确     

浅谈高职院校素质教育

高等职业技术教育是我国高等教育的重要组成部分，在实施高职教育的过程中必须大力推进素质教育。实施素质教育应观念先行，树立素质教育理念；调整结构，建立合理的高职课程体系；强化师资，确保素质教育顺利推进；以学生为本是素质教育的出发点和落脚点。     

Sea otters,social justice,and ecosystem‐service perceptions in Clayoquot Sound,Canada

We sought to take a first step toward better integration of social concerns into empirical ecosystem service (ES) work. We did this by adapting cognitive anthropological techniques to study the Clayoquot Sound social‐ecological system on the Pacific coast of Canada's Vancouver Island. We used freelisting and ranking exercises to elicit how locals perceive ESs and to determine locals’ preferred food species. We analyzed these data with the freelist‐analysis software package ANTHROPAC. We considered the results in light of an ongoing trophic cascade caused by the government reintroduction of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and their spread along the island's Pacific coast. We interviewed 67 local residents (n = 29 females, n = 38 males; n = 26 self‐identified First Nation individuals, and n = 41 non‐First Nation individuals) and 4 government managers responsible for conservation policy in the region. We found that the mental categories participants—including trained ecologists—used to think about ESs, did not match the standard academic ES typology. With reference to the latest ecological model projections for the region, we found that First Nations individuals and women were most likely to perceive the most immediate ES losses from the trophic cascade, with the most certainty. The inverse was found for men and non‐First Nations individuals, generally. This suggests that 2 historically disadvantaged groups (i.e., First Nations and women) are poised to experience the immediate impacts of the government‐initiated trophic cascade as yet another social injustice in a long line of perceived inequities. Left unaddressed, this could complicate efforts at multistakeholder ecosystem management in the region.     

区域规划环评中生态系统服务功能影响评价方法初探研究

生态系统服务功能是维系区域生态系统安全的重要保障,从生态系统服务功能角度评价区域规划对生态系统的影响具有重要意义。目前在规划环评中应用生态系统服务功能评价的案例仍然较少,本文基于目标导向性影响评价理念,构建生态系统服务功能影响指标体系,以及基于RS与GIS技术的空间评价方法,旨在探索建立一套适用于区域尺度规划环境影响评价的可行的生态系统服务功能影响评价模式。针对区域主要的生态系统服务功能类型,选择能够准确衡量功能强弱且对人类干扰敏感的因子作为主要评价指标．通过指标的变化趋势和规划建设空间分析,评价规划实施对区域主要生态系统服务功能造成的影响,根据评价结果提出相应的避让、减缓、补偿、优化等对策措施,保障区域生态系统服务功能不降低。