孕鼠PFOS暴露对糖皮质激素水平及胎鼠生长发育的影响

为探究孕期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露与母源糖皮质激素(GC)水平、胎鼠生长发育之间的关系,将孕期为12 d(GD12)的24只SD雌性大鼠,随机分为4组给予不同剂量的PFOS(0,5,10,20 mg·kg-1),连续灌胃7 d,在GD19时对孕鼠和胎鼠的体重、胎鼠肝脏系数和肝脏生化指标、孕鼠血清的生化指标和GC水平、胎盘11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶2(11β-HSD2)的酶学活性和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的mRNA表达水平分别进行检测。结果表明,与对照组相比:PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,母鼠体重、胎鼠体重和体长显著下降(P0.001);PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,胎鼠肝脏脏器系数低于对照组(P0.001);PFOS 10 mg·kg-1组,胎鼠肝脏中的酶活性(ALT、AST和ALP等)显著升高(P0.001);PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,孕鼠血清GC水平升高(P0.05);胎盘IGF-1的mRNA表达水平随PFOS剂量升高而降低;胎盘11β-HSD2的活性随PFOS剂量升高而降低。研究表明,孕期暴露PFOS可以导致胎鼠肝脏毒性,降低胎盘11β-HSD2氧化活性导致GC浓度升高,进而影响胎鼠的生长发育。     

全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO)单独与联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响

探讨全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-Zn O)复合暴露对斑马鱼机体氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于PFOS(0、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·L-1)、Nano-Zn O(0、12.5、25和50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+Nano-Zn O(0、0.4+12.5、0.8+25和1.6+50 mg·L-1)溶液中6天后,检测相关的酶活性变化(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)、脂质过氧化物(MDA)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase-3和Caspase-9)和与细胞凋亡相关基因(Bax,p53和Bcl-2)表达情况。结果表明:PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独与复合暴露均可造成斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,但复合暴露组的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡程度明显大于单独暴露组。在PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独和复合暴露组中,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、Gpx、Caspase-3和Caspase-9酶的活性显著升高。而CAT酶活性随着处理浓度的升高抑制作用显著。PFOS与Nano-Zn O复合暴露组与单独暴露组相比,Bax和p53表达显著上调,而Bcl-2表达显著下调。因此,在实验浓度范围内,等毒性配比1:1条件下,推测NanoZn O可以增强PFOS对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡毒性。     

白腐菌对制浆黑液中硫酸盐木素的降解

研究了白腐菌对硫酸盐木素的降解作用和影响因素,结果发现,２种白腐菌对硫酸盐木素的降解能力不同,培养１０ｄ后,木云芝Ｌｕ－１１的降解率达到７４．５％,而黄孢原毛平革菌的降解率为６５．６％,分子量在１５００￣３０００ｋｄ之间的硫酸盐木素部分被降解最为明显,木云芝的降解产物只有一种主要组分,而黄孢原毛平革菌的降解产物有２种主要组分,培养条件如碳源,氮源、ｐＨ值和温度对白腐菌降解硫酸盐木素的作用有明显的影     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠的微生物降解

从长期受十二烷基苯磺酸钠(sodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate,SDBS)污染的土壤中,筛选到3株对SDBS降解能力很强的细菌,分别为荧光假单胞杆菌(PseudomonasfluorescensP-11)、芽孢杆菌(Bacilussp.B-24)、气单胞菌(Aeromanassp.A-2)。3株细菌均属中温细菌,最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH为7.0,在低浓度SDBS中生长比在高浓度中生长好。在选定的最适条件下,测定了3株菌对SDBS的降解能力,在含40mg/LSDBS的培养基上,于28℃生长72h,SDBS的降解率均超过95%,其中P-11达100%。      

温度和离子强度对SDBS增溶菲的影响及机理

研究了不同温度(15,20,25,30,35和50℃)和离子强度(0.03,0.15和0.30 mol·l-1)对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)增溶菲的影响,并探讨了其增溶热力学,结果表明, SDBS对菲的增溶量随温度的升高而增大,而增溶能力(Kmn,Kmc)减小,主要是由菲在水中溶解度增大所致;离子强度增大,SDBS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)降低、胶团变大和菲的溶解度减小,导致SDBS对菲的增溶量和增溶能力增大.菲在SDBS单体/水和胶束/水的表观分配焓变分别为-21.08kJ·mol-1和-16.54 kJ·mol-1,因此,升高温度不利于菲在SDBS单体和胶束中的分配作用;菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的表观熔解热分别为35.16 kJ·mol-1,14.08 kJ·mol-1和18.62 kJ·mol-1,故温度升高菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的溶解量增大.     

荧光光度法测定地表水中阴离子表面活性剂

采用荧光光度法测定地表水中烷基苯磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂,讨论了pH值和干扰物质对测定的影响。方法在0.200 mg/L~5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.081 mg/L,实际水样加标回收率为98.6%~101%。     

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）对小鼠T、B淋巴细胞增殖功能和NK细胞活性的干扰效应研究（Disturbance of Mice Lymphocyte Proliferation Function and NK-cell Activity by Perfluorooctane Sulfonate（PFOS）Exposure）

为初步探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)的细胞免疫毒性,采用每天1次经口灌胃染毒的方法,研究了PFOS经口重复剂量染毒对C57BL/6小鼠淋巴细胞增殖功能和NK细胞活性的影响.选择雄性C57BL/6小鼠40只,随机分为4组.实验组PFOS染毒剂量分别为5、10、20mg·kg-1(bw),对照组给予2%Tween-80.每天1次经口灌胃染毒7d后,制备脾脏T淋巴细胞悬液,以刀豆蛋白A(ConA)和大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS)作为刺激源,采用MTT法检测T、B淋巴细胞增殖功能,乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞活性.结果表明,10mg·kg-1和20mg·kg-1PFOS染毒组小鼠体重呈明显的下降趋势,且小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数显著低于对照组(p<0.05),而各PFOS染毒组小鼠肝脏指数均显著高于对照组(p<0.05).PFOS各染毒组T淋巴细胞的增殖功能均显著低于对照组(p<0.05);10mg·kg-1和20mg·kg-1PFOS染毒组小鼠NK细胞的活性显著降低(p<0.05).研究结果显示,PFOS暴露可降低小鼠淋巴细胞增殖功能和NK细胞活性,表明PFOS具有免疫抑制效应.     

Highly elevated levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated acids found in biota and surface water downstream of an international airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Per- and poly-fluorinated compounds (PFCs), which include perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs) and various precursors, are used in a wide variety of industrial, commercial and domestic products. This includes aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), which is used by military and commercial airports as fire suppressants. In a preliminary assessment prior to this study, very high concentrations (> 1 ppm wet weight) of the PFSA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were discovered in the plasma of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) collected in 2008 from Lake Niapenco in southern Ontario, Canada. We presently report on a suite of C₆ to C₁₅ PFCAs, C₄, C₆, C₈ and C₁₀ PFSAs, several PFC precursors (e.g. perfluorooctane sulfonamide, PFOSA), and a cyclic perfluorinated acid used in aircraft hydraulic fluid, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS) in surface water from the Welland River and Lake Niapenco, downstream of the John C. Munro International Airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Amphipods, shrimp, and water were sampled from the Welland River and Lake Niapenco, as well as local references. The same suite of PFCs in turtle plasma from Lake Niapenco was compared to those from other southern Ontario sites. PFOS dominated the sum PFCs in all substrates (e.g., > 99% in plasma of turtles downstream the Hamilton Airport, and 72.1 to 94.1% at all other sites). PFOS averaged 2223 (± 247.1 SE) ng/g in turtle plasma from Lake Niapenco, and ranged from 9.0 to 171.4 elsewhere. Mean PFOS in amphipods and in water were 518.1 (± 83.8) ng/g and 130.3 (± 43.6) ng/L downstream of the airport, and 19.1 (± 2.7) ng/g and 6.8 (± 0.5) ng/L at reference sites, respectively. Concentrations of selected PFCs declined with distance downstream from the airport. Although there was no known spill event or publicly reported use of AFFF associated with a fire event at the Hamilton airport, the airport is a likely major source of PFC contamination in the Welland River.     

Effect of salinity and sediment characteristics on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate at sediment-water interface

This study investigated the influence of solution salinity, pH and the sediment characteristics on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The results showed that the sorption of PFOS onto sediment increased by a factor of 3 as the CaCl₂ concentration increased from 0.005 to 0.5 mol L⁻¹ at pH 7.0, and nearly 6 at pH 8.0. Desorption hysteresis occurred over all salinity. The thermodynamic index of irreversibility (TII) values increased with increasing concentration of CaCl₂. Maximum irreversibility was found in the sorption systems with CaCl₂ in the concentration of 0.5 mol L⁻¹. The results suggested that PFOS can be largely removed from the water with increasing salinity, and get trapped onto sediments irreversibly. These phenomena could be explained by salting-out effect and Ca-bridging effect. Studies also suggested that the content of total organic carbon is the dominant psychochemical properties of sediment controlling the sorption of PFOS.