贵州南明河水环境综合整治与水质模拟

以贵州南明河为例,对城市河道水环境综合治理全流程进行了系统的定量综合分析.污染识别结果表明,外源污染是造成南明河污染的关键原因,其对南明河COD、氨氮和TP等污染物的贡献分别达68%、95%和77%;COD和氨氮是南明河的主要入河污染物(80%和60%的入河外源来水中COD和氨氮水平劣于地表V类水).采取截污纳管、污水处理及河底清淤等针对性的治理措施,可共削减南明河COD、氨氮和TP污染负荷41414.6、874.2和218.0 t·a~(-1);通过生态建设恢复河道自净能力并运行半年后,南明河整治段劣V类河道长度占比从整治前的51.0%下降至17.4%,达到地表水V类的水质段由原来的10.1%提高至24.3%.建立MIKE模型预测综合整治措施3期工程全部完工时南明河水质运营情况发现,南明河下游水质断面能稳定达到IV类水体,但在枯水期仍可能存在部分河段TP和氨氮超标的情况.通过从上游水库(红枫湖,II类水)进行生态补水以保障南明河干流城区段稳定达标IV类水体,在考虑模拟误差且保证率高于90%的情况下,枯水期最高补水量应达到3.47m~3·s~(-1).     

苯酚对EBPR系统除磷性能的抑制作用

采用SBR反应器考察了投加不同浓度苯酚(5、10、30、50、100、150、200 mg·L~(-1))对强化生物除磷工艺(EBPR)系统除磷性能的影响.结果表明,苯酚浓度≤50 mg·L~(-1)时,COD及PO3-4-P的去除率均在85%以上,系统具有较好的污染物去除性能;而投加高浓度苯酚(≥100 mg·L~(-1)),反应器除磷性能大幅降低;当苯酚浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,系统仅经过22个周期便丧失除磷性能,COD平均去除率降至61.3%,且在短期内难以恢复.同时发现,长期投加苯酚导致EBPR系统污泥除磷性能受到抑制,且对好氧吸磷的抑制作用大于厌氧释磷.此外,低浓度苯酚条件下(≤50 mg·L~(-1)),因污泥对苯酚毒性逐渐适应,系统污泥微膨胀现象逐渐消失,而由高浓度苯酚引发的污泥膨胀却难以恢复.短期冲击实验表明,由投加苯酚导致的出水COD和磷浓度的波动可随着苯酚撤去而逐渐恢复,由此可知,苯酚冲击对系统除磷性能的抑制可逆.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

烟气脱硫石膏对滨海盐渍土的改良效果

为研究烟气脱硫石膏对滨海盐渍土的改良效果,选取上海南汇东滩的滩涂盐渍土为研究对象,开展了两年的烟气脱硫石膏修复试验,研究不同施用量（0、15、30、45和60 t/hm2）烟气脱硫石膏对滨海盐渍土化学性质的改良效果和对绿化乔木生长特性的影响,以及烟气脱硫石膏作为滨海盐渍土改良剂的重金属安全性.结果表明:施加适量烟气脱硫石膏显著降低了滨海盐渍土的pH和ESP（碱化度）,增加了对植物生长有利的Ca2+和SO₄2-含量,减少盐渍土中对植物生长有害的Na+和Cl-含量,降低了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量,增加了植物的株高和胸径.与对照处理相比,烟气脱硫石膏处理的土壤pH和ESP分别降低了5.7%~14.4%和16.7%~59.4%;土壤水溶性Na+和Cl-的含量降低了25.8%~64.4%和16.7%~59.5%,而土壤水溶性Ca2+和SO₄2-含量分别增加了4.08~31.30倍和9.83~23.33倍.施用烟气脱硫石膏2 a后,土壤速效氮与对照处理相比无显著差异,但土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别较对照处理下降了35.6%~41.1%和21.9%~48.5%.烟气脱硫石膏施用量为60 t/hm2时,银杏和紫薇的株高分别增长了25.1%和34.7%,胸径分别增加了64.5%和35.2%.施用烟气脱硫石膏不会造成土壤重金属污染,不同处理下的土壤重金属含量均小于GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准.研究显示,烟气脱硫石膏应用于滨海盐渍土的改良,可以有效改善土壤质量和生态环境,为滨海城市贡献绿色耕地或绿化用地.      

典型电容近炸引信存储性能退化分析

目的分析退化或失效的原因及机理。方法提出电容近炸引信储存性能试验,结合引信组成结构特点和出厂性能要求,对实际储存2~8年的引信开展储存性能检测试验,并对试验结果进行分析,进而确定性能退化敏感参数。结果性能退化原因和机理分析表明,三极管、电阻、电路中导电胶粘结力、电感线圈等长储后性能退化影响引信性能。结论确定了引信长储后检测时应重点关注定时器接电前输入电流、炸高和检波电压三项参数,并着重分析三极管、电阻、电路中导电胶和电感线圈等部位。     

适用于渤海海域浮式核电平台水动力特性研究基础与展望

针对海洋浮式核电平台的水动力特征问题,从核电平台作业海况、设计选型和研究手段三个方面进行了概述。对比核电平台与陆地核电站差异,提出了浮式海洋核电平台万年一遇的极限海况计算标准。对比论证了多种平台类型与系泊方式,确定了适合我国渤海海域的平台载体类型、系泊方式。介绍了核电平台研究的技术手段,从数值模拟、原型观测与模型试验等三个方面对目前常用的核电平台水动力分析方法进行了概述,最后指出了浮式核动力平台研究发展的方向。     

等离子球磨机的研制及其振动平台试验

目的实现球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体,开发出商用等离子球磨机。方法通过在不同弹簧和平台质量条件下,利用振动传感器测试平台的振幅(峰峰值)和加速度(有效值)数值,对比确定最优配置和机械振动参数。结果当振动平台振幅接近球磨室内径时,获得高振幅和高加速度的磨球,显著缩短了气体放电间距,实现了球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体。所设计的单筒等离子振动球磨机,其振动平台可选用φ7 mm、φ8 mm两组弹簧,根据平台质量的不同,选择不同类型的激振块组合,可以在30 Hz转速以上实现平台振幅峰峰值达到或者接近球磨罐内径值,同时拥有10g以上的加速度有效值。结论本试验综合机械振动学、高压绝缘放电和材料加工技术,所研制的等离子体球磨机实现了机械能和等离子体能在球磨过程中的协同作用,显著提高了粉末活性,降低了化合物合成反应激活能,从而显著提高了所制备材料的性能。     

HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法研究

目的建立一种HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法。方法研发一套户外热循环自然环境加速试验装置,可以模拟和强化太阳辐射对HTPB推进剂的热效应和昼夜温差冲击效应,并保持环境温度日夜温差循环、季节温差循环的特点。利用该装置,在海南万宁试验站户外暴露场开展HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验及其验证试验,设定试验最高温度不超过70℃,并同期开展HTPB推进剂库房贮存试验。从模拟性、加速性、重现性评价自然环境加速老化试验方法的可信度。结果随着老化时间的延长,最大拉伸强度保留率波动下降,可作为HTPB推进剂敏感力学参数。与该推进剂在库房贮存不同时间的最大拉伸强度保留率相比,在置信度为99%,两种试验方法的Spearman秩相关系数为0.93时,自然环境加速老化试验方法对于库房贮存试验方法的加速倍率为5倍,自然环境加速老化试验重现性良好。结论建立了一种适用于HTPB推进剂的简单易行、模拟性强、加速倍率高的自然环境加速老化试验方法,能再现HTPB推进剂在实际库房贮存的力学性能变化规律。     

企业财务业绩与现金流量分析

对传统财务业绩评价体系及其所提供的会汁信息质量进行了分析，认为财务分析应以现金流量力核心，通过现金流量指标分析企业的获利能力和支付能力更具可行性．笔者认为，以现金流量为核心，将现金流量分析指标溶于其他财务分析中，能够对企业当前存在的报表粉饰，利润操纵等现象进行充分的揭示，有助于重新构建出一套更为科学、合理的财务分析评价体系。     

Assessing the aerodynamic effects of tail elongations in the house martin (Delichon urbica): implications for the initial selection pressures in hirundines

Of the three species of hirundine that breed sympatrically across the U.K., one, the barn swallow, has outer tail feathers elongated into streamers, whereas the other two species, the house martin and the sand martin, do not. The tail streamer of the barn swallow is regarded as a classic example of a sexually selected trait. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that streamers may have evolved largely through natural selection for enhanced flight performance and increased maneuverability. We tested the hypotheses that small streamers (1) increase performance in turning flight, but (2) decrease performance in flight variables related to velocity. We manipulated the lengths of house martin outer tail feathers and measured changes in their free-flight performance, using stereo-video to reconstruct the birds" three-dimensional flight paths. Five flight variables were found to best describe individual variation in flight performance. Of these five, the three variables determining maneuverability predicted that flight performance would be optimized by a 6- to 10-mm increase in the length of the outer tail feathers. In contrast, for mean velocity and mean acceleration, extension of the outer tail feathers appears to have a detrimental effect on flight performance. We suggest that the initial selection pressure for streamers in ancestral short-tailed "barn swallows" was via natural selection for increased maneuverability. In addition, we propose that the benefits of increased maneuverability have differed between hirundines in the past, such that the cost of increasing the length of the outer tail feather has, to date, outweighed the benefits of doing so in streamerless hirundines. Received: 14 February 2000 / Revised: 2 July 2000 / Accepted 18 July 2000