重庆长寿地区垂直温度结构特征分析

本文根据在长寿地区进行的一系列大气边界层探空试验资料,分析了大气温度垂直结构特征以及与逆温有关的大气扩散条件。     

四川色达县切都柯沟“7.8”泥石流灾害特征及危险性分析

2004年7月8日四川色达县歌乐沱乡切都柯沟发生了中等规模泥石流,最大流速10.4m/s,洪峰流量156m3/s,冲出方量约7×104m3,造成了一定的财产损失。泥石流稠度大,冲击力强,具有明显的直进性特征,为粘性泥石流。切都柯沟泥石流发育阶段为壮年(偏幼)期。切都柯沟为中度危险的泥石流沟,该沟一次泥石流最大堆积危险范围39902m2,最大堆积长度284m,最大堆积厚度4.32m。提出了相应的防治措施:一是在滑坡崩塌处进行加固,采取沟岸护坡等措施;二是在沟谷上游修建谷坊、拦挡坝,以降低流速,削减泥石流能量和规模。     

Improvements in Air Quality Modelling by Using Surface Boundary Layer Parameters derived from Satellite Land Cover Data

Many atmospheric dispersion models include only simpletreatment of surface features to estimate the wind profilesand stability parameters. Detailed characterisation of theland cover, particularly in large and complex urbanconurbations, is especially important, as the surfacefeatures can vary significantly over the area. This paperdiscusses the use of satellite land cover data to derivespatially resolved surface boundary layer (SBL) parameters.These parameters have been used in an air quality model,PEARL (Prediction Air Quality in Urban and RegionalLocations) for estimating monthly and annual COconcentrations. Land cover data, derived from LANDSATThematic Mapper Imagery, has been used to estimate SBLparameters (surface roughness length, albeedo, Bowen ratioand anthropogenic heat flux) for a study area of 10000km² encompassing Greater London and the surroundingcounties. The SBL parameters have been assigned according tomajor land cover types for the whole area at a spatialresolution of 1 × 1 km. Predictions from two versions of the PEARL model (one with land cover data and one without)have been compared with each other and with measured data forannual and monthly CO concentrations from seven London airquality monitoring sites. This comparison shows thatdifferences between predicted and observed values can bereduced by up to a factor of three. The use of SBLparameters derived from land cover data also yields moredetailed predicted annual CO spatial patterns especially inand around suburban areas. The performance of both versionsof the model for monthly CO concentrations has been comparedwith a range of statistical measures. This comparisonconfirms that improved agreement is observed betweenmodelled and measured monthly CO concentrations when use ismade of spatially resolved SBL parameters.     

汽车环境风洞地面区域流场数值仿真

目的 探究汽车环境风洞地面区域流场规律,获取风洞边界层抽吸装置的最佳抽吸率和底盘测功机对风洞地面区域边界层厚度、风速、总压和静压的影响规律,并比较MRF法和旋转壁面法对底盘测功机转毂转动模拟的精度。方法 运用计算流体动力学方法对汽车环境风洞流场进行数值仿真计算。结果 边界层抽吸装置对应于喷口风速120 km/h时的最佳抽吸率为0.048。底盘测功机区域总压呈现下降趋势。相比于存在底盘测功机,汽车环境风洞无底盘测功机时,底盘测功机区域内相同位置的边界层厚度会增加1.28～12.22 mm。在前转毂的前侧、上侧、后侧和后转毂的上侧和后侧会有一个高风速区域,区域内风速比设定风速高1%～4%,与无底盘测功机相比,区域内静压值低0.32～46.02 Pa。在前后转毂前侧和后侧与地面相连接的凹部会有一个低风速区域,区域内风速比设定风速低1%～5%,与无底盘测功机相比,区域内静压值高0.08～49.34 Pa。底盘测功机转毂的转动会使附近区域的地面边界层厚度变大。在前转毂前侧,采用旋转壁面法进行模拟比MRF法地面边界层厚度增加近8 mm,而在其他位置,2种模拟方法对边界层厚度的模拟差别在1.5 mm...     

旋风水膜除尘器的捕尘性能和结构设计

借助于Leith和Licht的边界层分离理论 ,对轴向出风旋风水膜除尘器的捕尘性能进行了分析 ,得出了捕尘效率的理论公式、径高比等无量纲准数     

海底悬跨管道表面双裂纹数值分析

为了研究海底油气管道多个裂纹间相互作用对管道产生的影响,针对海底悬跨管道表面双裂纹的相互作用,采用有限元方法建立双环向表面裂纹模型,采用围道积分法求解双裂纹下的应力强度因子,研究了不同边界条件下,不同尺寸裂纹间的相互影响规律,并对比了单裂纹下应力强度因子的变化情况。研究结果表明:不同尺寸的裂纹对双裂纹的相互影响规律有一定影响,且双裂纹应力强度因子最大值均出现在裂纹最深点处;弹簧边界下双裂纹相互影响规律与简单边界下相互影响规律明显不同;不同边界条件对悬跨管道双裂纹应力强度因子的影响较大。研究结果可为海底悬跨管道的失效分析提供参考依据。     

居民活动空间与生态约束协调的城市开发边界划定方法——以长沙市为例

为了遏制长沙市城市的无序扩张,促进土地节约集约、高效利用,保障生态空间质量,划定长沙市城市开发边界成为重要举措。基于居民活动空间扩展,选取人口密度、居民活动分布、基础设施布局等多源时空数据,通过量化居民活动空间扩展概率,并利用植被覆盖度构建生态约束强度,确定二者协调规则,作为CA模型的约束条件,进行城市建设用地模拟,划定城市开发边界。结果表明：划定的长沙市城市开发边界,结果与长沙市“十三五”规划的城市空间发展框架基本一致,对未来建设用地扩展方向预测合理,而且避免了侵占重要生态资源,达到了兼顾城市空间发展和生态资源保护的多重目的。     

The sea–air exchange of mercury (Hg) in the marine boundary layer of the Augusta basin (southern Italy): Concentrations and evasion flux

The first attempt to systematically investigate the atmospheric mercury (Hg) in the MBL of the Augusta basin (SE Sicily, Italy) has been undertaken. In the past the basin was the receptor for Hg from an intense industrial activity which contaminated the bottom sediments of the Bay, making this area a potential source of pollution for the surrounding Mediterranean. Three oceanographic cruises have been thus performed in the basin during the winter and summer 2011/2012, where we estimated averaged Hg_atm concentrations of about 1.5 ± 0.4 (range 0.9–3.1) and 2.1 ± 0.98 (range 1.1–3.1) ng m⁻³ for the two seasons, respectively. These data are somewhat higher than the background Hg_atm value measured over the land (range 1.1 ± 0.3 ng m⁻³) at downtown Augusta, while are similar to those detected in other polluted regions elsewhere. Hg evasion fluxes estimated at the sea/air interface over the Bay range from 3.6 ± 0.3 (unpolluted site) to 72 ± 0.1 (polluted site of the basin) ng m⁻² h⁻¹. By extending these measurements to the entire area of the Augusta basin (∼23.5 km²), we calculated a total sea–air Hg evasion flux of about 9.7 ± 0.1 g d⁻¹ (∼0.004 t yr⁻¹), accounting for ∼0.0002% of the global Hg oceanic evasion (2000 t yr⁻¹). The new proposed data set offers a unique and original study on the potential outflow of Hg from the sea–air interface at the basin, and it represents an important step for a better comprehension of the processes occurring in the marine biogeochemical cycle of this element.     

Numerical Investigation of Boundary-Layer Evolution and Nocturnal Low-Level Jets: Local versus Non-Local PBL Schemes

Numerical simulations of the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and nocturnal low-level jets (LLJ) have been carried out using MM5 (version 3.3) with four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) for a high pollution episode in the northeastern United States during July 15–20, 1999. In this paper, we assess the impact of different parameterizations on the PBL evolution with two schemes: the Blackadar PBL, a hybrid local (stable regime) and non-local (convective regime) mixing scheme; and the Gayno–Seaman PBL, a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)-based eddy diffusion scheme. No FDDA was applied within the PBL to evaluate the ability of the two schemes to reproduce the PBL structure and its temporal variation. The restriction of the application of FDDA to the atmosphere above the PBL or the lowest 8 model levels, whichever is higher, has significantly improved the predicted strength and timing of the LLJ during the night. A systematic analysis of the PBL evolution has been performed for the primary meteorological fields (temperature, specific humidity, horizontal winds) and for the derived parameters such as the PBL height, virtual potential temperature, relative humidity, and cloud cover fraction. There are substantial differences between the PBL structures and evolutions simulated by these two different schemes. The model results were compared with independent observations (that were not used in FDDA) measured by aircraft, RASS and wind profiler, lidar, and tethered balloon platforms during the summer of 1999 as part of the NorthEast Oxidant and Particle Study (NE-OPS). The observations tend to support the non-local mixing mechanism better than the layer-to-layer eddy diffusion in the convective PBL.     

1368-1948年山西霜雪灾害的特征与周期规律研究

通过对山西1368-1948年历史文献资料的搜集、整理和数学分析,对该区霜雪灾害等级、阶段、周期及其成因进行了研究。在这期间,山西共发生霜雪灾害419次,轻度106次、中度228次、重度85次。灾害变化可分为4个阶段,1368-1579年为第1阶段,1580-1699年为第2阶段,1700-1819年为第3阶段,1820-1948年为第4阶段。第1、3阶段距平值主要为负值,灾害频次较低,以轻、中度灾害为主。第2、4阶段距平值主要为正值,灾害频次较高,以中度和重度霜雪灾为主。小波分析表明,灾害存在着4个明显的周期,即10～13年、20年左右、45～50年和120年左右的周期。降雪或寒流引起的气温骤降至0℃以下是造成山西霜雪灾害的主要原因。共发生6次寒冷气候事件,分别出现在1578-1588、1591-1607、1631-1642、1669-1672、1690-1699和1830-1836年。出现3次异常寒冷灾害年,分别是1653、1892和1929年。