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361.
针对目前对于一般尘源控制研究较少,而系统研究粉尘的扬尘(尘化)机理的研究就更少这一状况,提出弄清尘化机理、从源头上控制是治理粉尘的首要问题,对粉尘颗粒作用力进行分析,特别就超细粉尘的扬尘机理提出相应的物理模型并进行初步研究.图1,参2. 相似文献
362.
Nine tower datasets over grassland, brush rangeland, snow covered plain, the ocean, three different pine forests, an aspen
forest and an urban site, are used to document the scale-dependence of the cross-wind velocity variance in the stable boundary
layer. The turbulence velocity variance scales with the surface momentum flux, as reported in previous studies. Such scaling
removes the stability dependence of the variance at a given site, and also removes most of the differences between sites.
The scaling is more effective with use of a record-dependent averaging time for defining the turbulent fluctuations. The variable
averaging time is the timescale associated with the gap region in the heat flux multiresolution cospectra.
On scales larger than turbulence and less than a few hours (mesoscale), variations in the cross-wind velocity variance at
a given site are not related to local variables such as the friction velocity. Possible exceptions include suppression of
turbulence and mesoscale motions in well-defined drainage flows and enhancement of turbulence and mesoscale motions in stronger
winds downstream of a ridge. Larger mesoscale variance is associated with complex terrain and forested sites compared to the
more homogeneous sites in flat terrain with short or no vegetation. These differences between sites are related to the absence
of a gap region in the velocity spectra at the complex terrain and forested sites. The observed probability distribution functions
of the total variance and the mesoscale variance are documented for different averaging times, stability classes and site
characteristics. 相似文献
363.
There is a general lack of understanding of wetland processes and a general paucity of scientific research to predict the
effects of development on wetland boundary. This paper presents the results of a survey of wetland managers as to how they
delineate wetland boundaries, define compatible land uses, and restrict land uses adjacent to wetland boundaries. A major
finding from the survey is that 75% of land-use planners and wetland managers failed to identify any compatible land use or
restricted land use for development proposals that may affect provincially significant wetlands. The government agencies overwhelmingly
lack adequate methodologies and/or criteria to delineate and protect wetland boundaries. The paper closes with a plea to consider
dynamic hydrological factors in land-use planning. 相似文献
364.
重庆雾的声雷达回波与大气SO2浓度的对比分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文分析了重庆1989年12月30日雾的声雷达回波特征与浓雾天气的关系,讨论了雾日大气SO2地面浓度状况。结果表明,声雷达回波与雾的定变有较好的对应;地面污染物浓度与声雷达回波所反应的大气层结状况关系密切,300-400米高度上的逆温层维持较长时间是加重当日大气SO2地面浓度的重要原因。 相似文献
365.
366.
Spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric mercury species over the Adriatic Sea 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Field measurements of atmospheric mercury and related species were carried out during an intensive cruise campaign performed
over the Adriatic sea from October 26th to November 12th, 2004 on board the R/V Urania. Hg0 ranged between 0.8 and 3.3 ng/m3 with an average of 1.6 ± 0.4 ng/m3 over the entire period. Hg(II) concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 62.8 pg/m3 with an average of 6.7 ± 11.7 pg/m3 whereas Hg-p levels were in a range of 0.04 and 51 pg/m3 with an average of 4.5 ± 8 pg/m3. Higher Hg0 and Hg-p concentrations were observed in the Gulf of Venice and Gulf of Trieste due primarily to air masses transported from
the mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. In contrast, higher Hg(II) concentrations observed during
the first period of the cruise campaign were likely due to the occurrence of photo-oxidants production which are the main
players of the gas phase oxidation of to Hg(II)(g). These findings have been confirmed by the backward trajectories analysis of air masses crossing the studied area during
selected days. 相似文献
367.
全球主要国家环境可持续性综合评估——基于碳、水、土地的足迹-边界整合分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
随着地球生态系统的交互性、复杂性与整体性特征日益显现,综合分析和比较各类人为环境影响及其最大安全阈值,对于从整体上判断人类活动的可持续性、揭示承载力的超载程度具有重要意义.基于环境足迹和行星边界两项新概念,运用极差法和目标距离法对全球30 个主要国家的碳、水和土地赤字数据进行了标准化与权重化处理,得到一个复合的国家环境可持续性压力指数,并结合3 项环境赤字的实际分布状况,将所有国家划分为4 类:环境强可持续性(3 国)、环境弱可持续性(8 国)、环境弱不可持续性(9 国)、环境强不可持续性(10 国).总体上,环境可持续性压力呈现南美洲国家低、亚洲和非洲国家居中、欧美发达国家高的地域格局,亚洲是4 类国家并存的唯一大洲.全球的碳、水和土地足迹-边界比分别为3.0、0.6、0.7,表明就全球尺度而言,温室气体排放已处于严重超载状态,水资源消费和土地利用尚处于盈余状态,这与现有文献结果相吻合,从而在一定程度上验证了本研究结论的可靠性. 相似文献
368.
快速的城镇化使城市间距不断减小,上下游城市间水质的相互影响愈发显著.本研究提出基于水质的城市安全距离概念,建立基于BP神经网络水质模型的城市安全距离量化方法,并选择长江沿岸相邻的芜湖、马鞍山两市为案例,评估未来两市建成区扩张后城市间距的安全性,计算两市建成区的最小安全距离.结果显示,2020年芜湖与马鞍山4.6km的间距属于安全距离,能够保证下游城市马鞍山上游控制断面地表II类的水功能要求.但与2010年相比,控制断面水质变差,COD与氨氮浓度分别提高了29.2%与23.2%.为了保证控制断面的水功能要求,芜湖与马鞍山两市的最小安全距离为3.2km. 相似文献
369.
结合阿克苏河源流山区两气象站以及出山口两水文站近50 a的气象、 水文实测资料,运用非参数Mann-Kendall单调趋势检验、 突变检验、 方差分析外推、 R/S分析及周期性叠加趋势模型等方法,分析了阿克苏河源流区气候及径流变化的趋势和周期,并予以预测,探讨了气候变化对径流的影响量。结果表明:阿克苏河源流区气温、 降水量及径流量皆呈显著增加趋势,且分别在1989、 1985和1993年发生了显著的增多跃变;气候因子与径流量的Hurst指数均大于0.5,表明其未来仍将保持增加趋势,在2010-2016年径流量的相对最大值和最小值将分别为91.822×108 m3(2014年)和83.43×108 m3(2011年);阿克苏河径流量在整个时间序列存在25 a的准周期,但在突变前以17 a周期为主;气候变化使得阿克苏河源流在1994-2007年增加了224.97×108 m3的来水量,年增加量的最大、 最小值分别出现在2003年和2004年。 相似文献
370.
Four networks of wind data are used to construct the first systematic estimates of the horizontal diffusivity from observations
of submeso motions on scales often unresolved in numerical models. Currently, the horizontal diffusivity in numerical models
is specified mainly for numerical reasons without observational support. The data analysis in this study emphasizes the stable
boundary layer although results are briefly presented for the unstable boundary layer. The horizontal diffusivity is estimated
from the horizontal gradient and the observed flux. Horizontal gradients of scalars are generally difficult to directly estimate
from observations with sufficient accuracy for much of the data. As an alternative, simulated particles with conservative
properties are introduced into the observed wind field in order to estimate the horizontal diffusivity for submeso motions.
The sensitivity of the horizontal diffusivity to details of the method is examined. The horizontal diffusivity increases with
the range of time and space scales that are included in the evaluation. The horizontal diffusivity is much larger with significant
topography and may increase with wind speed, depending on the site location. The coarse station spacing or the small domain
size is found to be a major limitation to the analysis. 相似文献