不同尺度大气系统对污染边界层的影响及其水平流场输送

大气边界层不仅受地面的影响,也受不同尺度大气系统的直接影响。根据在北京市沿南北方向分布的3台激光雷达阵和地面同步的粒子观测数据,选择一次重污染过程进行情景分析,研究不同尺度大气系统对该过程粒子边界层的影响,分析边界层内粒子浓度输送的动态变化。提出北京地区重污染形势的形成原因。对区域性大气污染边界层研究,将有助于对区域及城市污染形成机制的进一步认识。      

Effects of benthic hydraulics on sediment oxygen demand in a canyon-shaped deep drinking water reservoir: Experimental and modeling study

Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) is a major contributor to hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and the release of internal nutrient loading. By measuring the SOD in experimental chambers using in both dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and diffusional oxygen transfer methods, a model of SOD for a sediment bed with water current-induced turbulence was presented. An experimental study was also performed using near-sediment vertical DO profiles and correlated hydraulic parameters stimulated using a computational fluid dynamics model to determine how turbulences and DO concentrations in the overlying water affects SOD and diffusive boundary layer thickness. The dependence of the oxygen transfer coefficient and diffusive boundary layer on hydraulic parameters was quantified, and the SOD was expressed as a function of the shear velocity and the bulk DO concentrations. Theoretical predictions were validated using microelectrode measurements in a series of laboratory experiments. This study found that flow over the sediment surface caused an increase in SOD, attributed to enhanced sediment oxygen uptake and reduced substances fluxes, i.e., for a constant maximum biological oxygen consumption rate, an increased current over the sediment could increase the SOD by 4.5 times compared to stagnant water. These results highlight the importance of considering current-induced SOD increases when designing and implementing aeration/artificial mixing strategies.     

弹簧应力松弛载荷的在线测量新方法

目的 准确高效地测量弹簧在应力松弛试验过程中的载荷。方法 针对周期试验法中繁琐的拆装工作和连续试验法中测试效率偏低的难点问题，以周期试验法中可以让“弹簧的总形变量在短时间内发生变化”的事实为依据，通过驱使待测弹簧进一步发生少量变形，将待测弹簧承受的准不变载荷转换为缓冲弹簧的连续变化载荷进行测量。测量后分别对直线进行拟合，便可求得驱动力F0，进而可以计算出待测弹簧处于装夹状态时所承受的载荷。结果 得到了一种在应力松弛过程中测量弹簧载荷的新方法，并结合螺旋压缩弹簧的结构特点，介绍了该方法的2种实现方式。当置信度为0.95时，测试结果的置信区间在±2%内，说明测量结果具有较高的可信度。结论 实践应用表明，在周期试验法中，采用该方法能够避免繁琐的拆装过程，有利于降低人为误差；在连续试验法中，采用该方法可以提高测试效率，从而有效地解决应力松弛试验中的载荷测试难题。