白糖为共基质处理有机磷农药废水的试验研究

有机磷农药废水是一种极难处理的高浓度有机废水,因为该废水含有大量的难降解有机物,其中的有机磷对微生物代谢具有很强的抑制作用。采用高效好氧生物反应器(HCR)对有机磷农药废水进行处理试验,对比研究了以白糖为共基质和有机磷农药废水为单基质的两种不同条件下,系统中活性污泥的特性及系统对有机磷农药废水COD去除效果的变化规律。结果表明,白糖为共基质可大大提高HCR系统中活性污泥的活性和系统对有机磷农药废水COD的去除效果。     

手性检测器及手性对映体圆二色光谱标识

本文对手性检测的旋光检测器(ORD)和圆二色光谱检测器(CD)的基本原理进行了介绍,并阐述了ORD,CD及紫外光检测器(UV)三者之间的关系.通过ORD与CD两者的比较,圆二色光谱要优于旋光光谱,提出以圆二色光谱特定波长上的康顿效应宏观标识手性对映体.     

农药污染土壤的生物修复技术

本文综述了土壤农药有机污染的生物修复技术 ,重点分析了植物、微生物对土壤农药污染的修复机制以及影响因子 ,介绍了几种生物修复技术     

采用Caco-2和PC12细胞检测有机磷农药的细胞毒性

建立了采用哺乳动物细胞系Caco-2和PC12细胞检测有机磷农药细胞毒性的新方法.10μmol/L甲基对硫磷、敌敌畏、氧乐果、辛硫磷处理经过单层培养的Caco-2细胞,随着农药处理时间的延长,Caco-2细胞跨上皮细胞电阻抗值逐渐降低,处理60min时,辛硫磷和甲基对硫磷对Caco-2细胞具有明显的透过性,约是正常组的15倍,4种农药对Caco-2细胞透过性由大到小的顺序为:甲基对硫磷,辛硫磷,敌敌畏,氧乐果;001μmol/L的甲基对硫磷和辛硫磷使PC12细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性迅速降低,随着处理浓度的增加酶活性降低不明显;而小于10μmol/L的氧乐果和敌敌畏呈现渐进降低的趋势,当浓度大于10μmol/L时酶活性降低比较显著.      

蔬菜出口产地农户对食品安全规制的认知及其农药决策行为研究

食品安全与农药残留一直是备受关注的焦点问题。基于此,本文应用山东省蔬菜出口产地安丘市392个农户的调查数据,对农户食品安全规制的认知及其农药使用行为的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明,农户的学历层次、农产品国内销售和出口日本的比例、农户对国内外农产品市场的评价及是否接受农药残留检测显著影响其对食品安全规制的认知;而农户的平均生产支出、是否接受农药残留检测、检测标准的严格程度及是否作生产记录影响其农药使用行为。此外,本文发现该制度的实施导致一些农户产生逆向选择,且农户的农药使用因种植结构而不同。针对当前农业生产的特点和食品安全现状,为了促进当地农业生产方式的转变和保护生态环境,政府应加强对农业主体的培训和技术指导,引导当地农户加强与产业组织的联系,有效开展农药残留检测、优化种植结构,提高农产品的质量和国际竞争力。     

Ecological risk of pesticide residues in the British Columbia environment: 1973–2012

An updated ecological risk assessment was conducted to re-evaluate and review the overall risk of pesticide residues to certain aquatic life. The focus was the impact on offsite non-target, freshwater organisms of pesticide operational sprays in British Columbia from 1973 until 2012. The values of risk quotients for pesticides of selected indicator organisms were determined to measure the effect. When compared with organophosphorus, carbamate, and other miscellaneous pesticides, this risk assessment analysis suggests that the historical use of persistent and highly toxic organochlorine pesticides posed, and continue to pose, a deleterious ecological risk. The risk is both short-term acute and long-term sub-acute, chronic toxicity to offsite, non-target aquatic invertebrates and juvenile salmonid fish. Data indicated that these organisms were, and remain, subjected to harmful effects of pesticide residues to varying degrees. Most vulnerable were, and also are, benthic organisms inhabiting bottom sediments. This substrate is the natural sink for persistent pesticide residues, predominantly organochlorine pesticides from historical use, as well as dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wood preservatives, and other sources. Environment Canada's main aquatic protection strategy was a 10 metre no-treatment buffer zone, augmented with an additional appropriate setback along shorelines of fishery and wildlife resource-sensitive water bodies. This study discusses why this guideline was necessary, useful and effective, but was only partially successful. The physical-chemical properties of pesticide residues, from either an individual compound or different compounds in combination, also influence the nature of biological impacts on non-target, aquatic organisms. Few studies have been conducted in British Columbia aquatic environments to investigate the significance of this aspect.     

有机磷农药废水处理技术

久效磷和亚磷酸三甲酯生产过程中产生的废水经碱解沉淀和超声气浮预处理,可降低其ＣＯＤ和毒性,提高其可生化性,再经以光合细菌为主的生化处理,可使其ＣＯＤ降至２００ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE IN GROUNDWATER IN TULARE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical methodswere used to identify the major factors affecting pesticideleaching in groundwater from agricultural fields in TulareCounty, California. Residues of bromacil, diuron, and simazineincreased in groundwater during the 1980s. Bromacil, diuron,and simazine contamination were positively correlated to cropdiversity and water demand. Diuron and simazine were positively correlated to groundwater depth and negatively correlatedto soil water-holding capacity. DBCP concentration in groundwater was related to the crop coverage. The Goss model wasused to examine soil-pesticide interactions and a PesticideContamination Index (PCI) was developed. Areas having highleaching potentials were mainly associated with citrus andorchards and coarse-textured sandy soils along the SierraNevada foothills, while areas having low leaching potentialswere associated with field crops and clay soils of the southwest region. The PCI was largest for DBCP during the 1980s,suggesting that it was the most significant contaminant before1977 when it was widely used; however, wells were not testedfor this pesticide during that period. Twelve years after DBCPwas banned, it was still the most significant health riskcontaminant. Spatial maps showing the distribution of leachingpotentials and soil interactions for these pesticides canprovide useful information to regulatory and planning agenciesfor land use planning and pesticide management.     

occurrence and distribution of nitrate and pesticides in bowdle aquifer, south dakota

A shallow aquifer in central South Dakota was monitored for thepresence of nitrate and pesticides. A total of 593 nitrate samples and428 pesticide samples were analyzed from nine different sites and 14wells between 1989 and 1994. Nested wells were installed at four sitesto characterize the distribution pattern of nitrate and pesticidemovement in ground water. Nitrate concentrations and pesticidedetections were qualitatively compared with area precipitation and watertable fluctuations. The results indicate that nitrates tend to betransported by a leaching mechanism in a matrix flow and may appearin ground water within months after the fertilizer application in thefields. The pesticide movement is primarily controlled by geologicaland chemical characteristics of medium and pesticides.     

毛细管胶束电动色谱柱端安培检测对氧磷、甲基对硫磷、乙基对硫磷、扑灭松

用毛细管胶束电动色谱柱端安培检测的方法对对氧磷、甲基对硫磷、乙基对硫磷、扑灭松等四种常见有机磷农药进行了分离检测,对缓冲液种类、离子浓度、pH值、胶束浓度、电极的检测电势等检测条件进行了最佳优化。结果表明,此方法对四种农药的质量检测限较气相色谱法低3～4个数量级,并将用于地表水样品的检测。