石油污染土壤生物修复技术的研究进展

目前对石油污染环境的治理方法有物理法、化学法和生物修复三种类型。文章综合论述了国内外对石油污染土壤的几种微生物修复方法,分别介绍了利用植物、动物及微生物进行治理的修复技术。在我国,对于石油污染的治理应更多地采用低成本、无污染、高效率的生物治理技术。     

Characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flue gas and residues of a full scale fluidized bed combustor combusting non-hazardous industrial waste

This paper studies the fate of PAHs in full scale incinerators by analysing the concentration of the 16 EPA-PAHs in both the input waste and all the outputs of a full scale Fluidized Bed Combustor (FBC). Of the analysed waste inputs i.e. Waste Water Treatment (WWT) sludge, Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR), RDF and ASR were the main PAH sources, with phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene being the most important PAHs. In the flue gas sampled at the stack, naphthalene was the only predominant PAH, indicating that the PAHs in FBC’s combustion gas were newly formed and did not remain from the input waste. Of the other outputs, the boiler and fly ash contained no detectable levels of PAHs, whereas the flue gas cleaning residue contained only low concentrations of naphthalene, probably adsorbed from the flue gas. The PAH fingerprint of the bottom ash corresponded rather well to the PAH fingerprint of the RDF and ASR, indicating that the PAHs in this output, in contrast to the other outputs, were mainly remainders from the PAHs in the waste inputs. A PAH mass balance showed that the total PAH input/output ratio of the FBC ranged from about 100 to about 2600 depending on the waste input composition and the obtained combustion conditions. In all cases, the FBC was clearly a net PAH sink.     

云技术在石油行业应急管理中的思考

面对石油行业突发事件全过程,利用大数据云处理技术,以应急管理4阶段为划分标准,将云技术运用到应急管理四大阶段当中,为解决缺乏合理的信息技术手段、应急信息搜集不全面、数据挖掘分析技术落后、决策支持模型构建不完善等落后的临时性应急管理模式,找寻到一种高效应急管理模式的新方向。     

石油降解菌的分离鉴定及4株芽胞杆菌种间效应

通过富集培养和分离纯化的方法,从天津大港油田石油污染土壤和渤海海上钻井平台洗油污水中分离出6株石油降解细菌,生理生化试验及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定表明,它们分别属于Bacillus芽胞杆菌属(S1、S2、S3、S4)、Pseudomonas假单胞菌属(W1)和Ochrobactrum苍白杆菌属(W2),其中,S3具有最高的烷烃(41.3%)和芳烃(30.9%)降解率,从石油污染场地中筛选出的内源微生物对本油田石油的降解效果优于外源物种.对4株芽胞杆菌属菌株构建微生物组进行石油降解实验,结果表明,由S1和S4构成的微生物组F3具有最高的烷烃(50.5%)和芳烃(54.0%)降解率,比单菌降解率分别提高了69.9%和156.1%,同时比最优降解单菌S3的降解率分别高出22.1%和74.6%,而由S2和S3构成的微生物组F4对烷烃和芳烃的降解率最低,分别为18.5%和18.9%,比单菌降解率降低了55.3%和39.0%,实验表明同菌属微生物种间对石油的降解同时存在协同促进和拮抗抑制作用,芽胞杆菌属内亲缘性近的菌株之间对石油降解主要表现为促进作用.     

一种简便高效的土壤石油烃提取方法的建立

通过开展单因子实验与正交实验,考察不同参数下超声萃取法对土壤中总石油烃(TPH)的提取效率,并对比了超声萃取法、超声-索氏萃取法及传统索氏萃取法对不同原油污染土壤的提取效果。结果表明:超声萃取法的最优工作参数为20 m L二氯甲烷,超声10 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,萃取4次。3种提取方法中,超声萃取法对石油烃平均回收率最高,为100.95%,而传统的索氏萃取法最低,仅为94.54%。可见,超声萃取法操作简单,效率高,可广泛用于土壤中总石油烃含量的提取测定。     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungal enzymes: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of chemicals. They represent an important concern due to their widespread distribution in the environment, their resistance to biodegradation, their potential to bioaccumulate and their harmful effects. Several pilot treatments have been implemented to prevent economic consequences and deterioration of soil and water quality. As a promising option, fungal enzymes are regarded as a powerful choice for degradation of PAHs. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus and Bjerkandera adusta are most commonly used for the degradation of such compounds due to their production of ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. The rate of biodegradation depends on many culture conditions, such as temperature, oxygen, accessibility of nutrients and agitated or shallow culture. Moreover, the addition of biosurfactants can strongly modify the enzyme activity. The removal of PAHs is dependent on the ionization potential. The study of the kinetics is not completely comprehended, and it becomes morem hallenging when fungi are applied for bioremediation. Degradation studies in soil are much more complicated than liquid cultures because of the heterogeneity of soil, thus, many factors should be considered when studying soil bioremediation, such as desorption and bioavailability of PAHs. Different degradation pathways can be suggested. The peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes having common catalytic cycles. One molecule of hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the resting enzyme withdrawing two electrons. Subsequently, the peroxidase is reduced back in two steps of one electron oxidation. Laccases are copper-containing oxidases. They reduce molecular oxygen to water and oxidize phenolic compounds.     

多环芳烃在冬小麦体内的吸收与转运及富集研究进展

多年来以煤炭为主的能源消费结构和经济社会持续发展,导致我国PAHs(多环芳烃)排放量居高不下,直接造成土壤和大气PAHs严重污染.为了探明PAHs在冬小麦体内的积累过程和调控机制,在系统分析PAHs在冬小麦体内的吸收、转运和富集的基础上,重点阐述了冬小麦PAHs根系吸收和叶面吸收影响因素方面的最新研究进展.研究发现:① 小麦根系对PAHs的吸收包括主动吸收和被动吸收两种方式,其中主动吸收是一个载体协助、消耗能量、PAHs与H+共运的过程;被动吸收除了在高等植物中普遍存在的简单扩散外,水-甘油通道也参与了该过程. ② PAHs通过气态、颗粒态沉降到小麦叶面角质层或直接通过气孔进入叶片. ③ 影响PAHs根系和叶面吸收的主要因素包括PAHs理化性质、植物生理状况、环境因素等. ④ 小麦根系吸收的PAHs可以向地上部转运,并且与辛醇-水分配系数(K_OW)、蒸腾速率、土壤中氮的形态和浓度有关.主要问题:① 对于小麦叶片吸收的PAHs向基运输机理有待进一步研究. ② 农田生态系统中冬小麦往往遭受土壤及大气双重污染,根系吸收及叶面吸收分别对其体内积累PAHs的贡献尚不清楚.因此,需关注韧皮部、木质部在PAHs转运中所起的作用;利用同位素示踪、双光子激发显微镜等先进技术观察和跟踪PAHs如何进入小麦以及在小麦叶中的转移和分布,阐明PAHs叶面吸收的微观机理;注重大田试验研究,为揭示冬小麦对PAHs的吸收、积累及调控机理,同时也为有机污染地区生产安全农产品提供重要依据.      

Hydrocarbon biodegradation and dynamic laser speckle for detecting chemotactic responses at low bacterial concentration

We report on the biodegradation of pure hydrocarbons and chemotaxis towards these compounds by an isolated chlorophenol degrader,Pseudomonas strain H.The biochemical and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence identified Pseudomonas strain H as having 99.56% similarity with P.aeruginosa PA01.This strain was able to degrade n-hexadecane,1-undecene,1-nonene,1-decene,1-dodecene and kerosene.It grew in the presence of 1-octene,while this hydrocarbons is toxic to other hydrocarbons degraders.Pseudomonas strain H was also chemotactic towards n-hexadecane,kerosene,1-undecene and 1-dodecene.These results show that this Pseudomonas strain H is an attractive candidate for hydrocarbon-containing wastewater bioremediation in controlled environments.Since the classical standard techniques for detecting chemotaxis are not efficient at low bacterial concentrations,we demonstrate the use of the dynamic speckle laser method,which is simple and inexpensive,to confirm bacterial chemotaxis at low cell concentrations (less than 105 colony-forming unit per millilitre (CFU/mL)) when hydrocarbons are the attractants.     

储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中腐蚀性能对比

采用电化学试验、浸泡试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验研究储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中的腐蚀性能差异。电化学试验结果表明,08MnNiVR在石油沉积水中的自腐蚀电流比SPV490Q略大。浸泡试验结果表明,中短期试验时,08MnNiVR的腐蚀率略大;较长期试验时,SPV490Q的腐蚀率略大。慢应变速率拉伸试验结果表明,08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中均具有高应力腐蚀抗力。     

热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、溴仿等5种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。该方法在一定浓度范围内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0．9990～0．9998之间,加标回收率在94．0％～106．6％之间,RSD为2．18％-7．62％,检出限为0．22μg／m3～0．30μg／m3。该方法具有操作简单、分析快速、准确度高、灵敏高的特点,用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃,结果令人满意。