Building community resilience: business preparedness lessons in the case of Adapazarı, Turkey

The lack of attention paid to businesses in disaster management systems from the standpoint of state policies hampers efforts to build community resilience. This paper examines, therefore, the extent of business preparedness for disasters. Empirical research was conducted in Adapazarı, Turkey, 13 years after the İzmit earthquake, which struck the northwest of the country on 17 August 1999, claiming the lives of some 17,000 people. For the study, 232 firms were selected to inquire about their preparedness before and after the event. It is hypothesised that business preparedness is influenced by the following set of variables: business size; business sector; business age; financial condition prior to the disaster; occupancy tenure; market range; education level; and previous disaster experience. In line with the findings of the research, a policy framework is constructed to rationalise the allocation of resources for building resilience at the aggregate level by facilitating business preparedness.     

改性聚乙烯亚胺捕集和回收水中的Cu2+

为提高含铜废水的处理效果及简化处理流程,采用CS₂、NaOH对聚乙烯亚胺进行改性,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂--PEX（聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠）.以含Cu2+水样为处理对象,探讨了初始ρ（Cu2+）、pH、共存无机物质、有机物质以及浊度对PEX捕集Cu2+性能的影响,并考察了螯合絮体中Cu2+的回收情况.结果表明:PEX对含Cu2+水样具有很好的捕集性能,Cu2+去除率最高可达到100%;PEX对Cu2+的去除效果随着水样初始pH的升高而增强,但pH位于PEX等电点处时,Cu2+去除率有所降低.在较低的PEX投加量下,水样中共存的NaCl、CaCl₂、NaNO₃、Na₂SO₄、柠檬酸、焦磷酸钠对PEX去除Cu2+均可起到促进作用,而共存的EDTA、氨基乙酸、浊度对PEX去除Cu2+具有一定的抑制作用;增加PEX投加量后,可减弱或消除上述影响.螯合絮体采用HNO₃溶液进行静态浸泡30 d后,Cu的回收率可达100%.研究显示,PEX能有效去除和回收水样中的Cu2+.      

两性离子在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面接枝改性的研究

为增强膜的亲水性,提高抗污染能力,采用原子转移自由基反应(ATRP),将甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)接枝到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面;再以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,通过自由基聚合反应将两性离子单体3-(甲基丙烯酰胺基)丙基-二甲基(3-硫代丙基)氢氧化铵内盐(MPDSAH)成功接枝到膜表面.采用全反射红外光谱仪(ATR-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及接触角测定仪分析了改性前后膜表面性质及结构形态变化.随接枝时间的增加,接枝密度(GD)逐渐升高,膜孔径变小,孔隙率降低,但同时膜表面亲水性明显增强.通过牛血清蛋白(BSA)吸附及过滤实验,检验PVDF膜改性前后的抗污染性能.随着GD的增加,在高浓度BSA溶液中膜表面吸附量明显减少.当GD为288.340μg·cm-2时,膜表面接触角(CA)降低最多,由原膜的77.2°降至41.7°,且在5 s内降为0,通量恢复率高达94.961%.因此,最佳接枝时间为2 h,此时接枝密度288.340μg·cm-2则是最佳接枝密度.     

铅污染事故生态环境损失评估——以台州铅蓄电池企业为例

国内铅污染事故频繁发生,造成了严重的生态环境污染和人体健康损害。通过采用市场价值法、人力资本法和恢复费用法,对铅污染的生态环境损失进行了全面评估。以台州典型的铅蓄电池企业为例进行研究,铅污染总损失为121．83万元,其中土壤修复及监测费用占77.1％;人体健康损失占18．9％;农作物种植损失占4．0％。     

白龟湖水源保护区生态修复技术研究

白龟湖水源保护区是南水北调中线工程的调蓄湖泊,是平顶山市区重要饮用水源地.针对水源保护区生态特征及存在的主要生态问题,提出构建入库河流生态修复、上游流域水土保持、河口人工浮岛、库区水体生物链、人工湿地及生态驳岸复合水生态系统等生态修复技术,为白龟湖水源保护区生态环境保护和改善以及饮水安全保障提供重要技术支撑.通过生态修复工程的实施,可使白龟湖水源保护区水质得到有效的保护,实现城市饮用水水质稳定达标.     

Effect of saline water ionic strength on phosphorus recovery from synthetic swine wastewater

Declining worldwide phosphate rock reserves has driven a growing interest in exploration of alternative phosphate supplies. This study involved phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater through precipitation of struvite, a valuable slow-release fertiliser. The economic feasibility of this process is highly dependent on the cost of magnesium source. Two different magnesium sources were used for phosphorus recovery: pure magnesium chloride and nanofiltration(NF) saline water retentate. The paper f...     

Investigating Potential for Depensation in Marine Turtles: How Low Can You Go?

Abstract:  Where mechanisms inherent within the biology of a species affect individual fitness at low density, demographic-scale depensation may occur, hastening further decline and leading ultimately to population extirpation and species extinction. Reduction in fertility at low population densities has been identified in marine and terrestrial species. Using data on hatch success and hatchling-emergence success as proxies for fertilization success, we conducted a global meta-analysis of data from breeding aggregations of green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) and loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ). We found that there has been no reduction in fertility in small nesting aggregations in either of these species worldwide. We considered mechanisms within the mating strategies and reproductive biology of marine turtles that may allow for novel genetic input and facilitate enhanced gene flow among rookeries. Behavioral reproductive mechanisms, such as natal philopatry and polyandry, may mitigate potential impacts of depensation and contribute to the resilience of these species.     

Effects of Liming on the Aquatic Fauna in a Norwegian Watershed: Why Do Crustaceans and Fish Respond Differently?

We studied the effects of liming on fish and crustaceans in a watershed which is in a region known to have one of the highest diversity of aquatic biota in Norway. This watershed, Enningdal, is shared between Norway (1/3) and Sweden (2/3) and includes 61 lakes  >  1.0 ha in Norway. Liming started on a large scale in the 1980s. Currently, a total of 26 of lakes (43%) are limed, covering 93% of the total lake area. The mean value ± S.D. of pH and the concentration of inorganic labile Al in these lakes is 6.62 ± 0.35 and 3 ± 4 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Historical data of fish communities have been obtained from surveys, while test-fishing and sampling of crustaceans were conducted in 24 lakes in recent years (2002–2004). The present study shows that crustaceans to a greater extent than fish has responded to improved water quality after more than 20 years of liming. Of a total of 120 fish populations, 42 (35%) have gone extinct. Only five of the lost fish populations (12%) have been re-established, all due to human re-introductions. Physical barriers are considered to be the main factor preventing fish from invading limed lakes. In contrast, crustaceans have been re-established in most limed lakes. This may be mainly due to their good spreading capacity. However, they might also have survived in refuges within the watershed, or as resting-eggs in the sediment.     

鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究

从1997年开始在金门进行鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究，内容包括人工培育稚鲎、成鲎引入野外产卵复育试验、人工栖息地复育试验。同时，关于鲎的地理亲缘关系的研究，对探讨西太平洋地区生物多样性成因及三棘鲎的保护遗传问题都具有相当的价值。     

Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants

Reintroductions are important components of conservation and recovery programs for rare plant species, but their long-term success rates are poorly understood. Previous reviews of plant reintroductions focused on short-term (e.g., ≤3 years) survival and flowering of founder individuals rather than on benchmarks of intergenerational persistence, such as seedling recruitment. However, short-term metrics may obscure outcomes because the unique demographic properties of reintroductions, including small size and unstable stage structure, could create lags in population growth. We used time-to-event analysis on a database of unusually well-monitored and long-term (4–28 years) reintroductions of 27 rare plant species to test whether life-history traits and population characteristics of reintroductions create time-lagged responses in seedling recruitment (i.e., recruitment time lags [RTLs]), an important benchmark of success and indicator of persistence in reintroduced populations. Recruitment time lags were highly variable among reintroductions, ranging from <1 to 17 years after installation. Recruitment patterns matched predictions from life-history theory with short-lived species (fast species) exhibiting consistently shorter and less variable RTLs than long-lived species (slow species). Long RTLs occurred in long-lived herbs, especially in grasslands, whereas short RTLs occurred in short-lived subtropical woody plants and annual herbs. Across plant life histories, as reproductive adult abundance increased, RTLs decreased. Highly variable RTLs were observed in species with multiple reintroduction events, suggesting local processes are just as important as life-history strategy in determining reintroduction outcomes. Time lags in restoration outcomes highlight the need to scale success benchmarks in reintroduction monitoring programs with plant life-history strategies and the unique demographic properties of restored populations. Drawing conclusions on the long-term success of plant reintroduction programs is premature given that demographic processes in species with slow life-histories take decades to unfold.