色谱及联用技术在药物污染检测中的应用

医药品是一类新型环境污染物,由于其具有长期输入、环境中降解/去除缓慢、生物效应显著等特性被界定为"准持久性"污染物,受到社会各界的广泛关注.为更好了解该类污染物在环境中的迁移转化规律和生物效应,分析检测是必不可少的环节,本文就近年来我国运用色谱及联用技术检测药物污染的方法进行综述.     

环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱(液相色谱、气相色谱)和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱(紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等)的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

Risk analysis and assessment methodologies in the work sites: On a review, classification and comparative study of the scientific literature of the period 2000-2009

The objective of this work is to determine and study, analyze and elaborate, classify and categorize the main risk analysis and risk-assessment methods and techniques by reviewing the scientific literature. The paper consists of two parts: a) the investigation, presentation and elaboration of the main risk-assessment methodologies and b) the statistical analysis, classification, and comparative study of the corresponding scientific papers published by six representative scientific journals of Elsevier B.V. covering the decade 2000-2009. The scientific literature reviewing showed that the risk analysis and assessment techniques are classified into three main categories: (a) the qualitative, (b) the quantitative, and (c) the hybrid techniques (qualitative-quantitative, semi-quantitative). The qualitative techniques are based both on analytical estimation processes, and on the safety managers-engineers ability. According to quantitative techniques, the risk can be considered as a quantity, which can be estimated and expressed by a mathematical relation, under the help of real accidents’ data recorded in a work site. The hybrid techniques, present a great complexity due to their ad hoc character that prevents a wide spreading. The statistical analysis shows that the quantitative methods present the highest relative frequency (65.63%) while the qualitative a lower one (27.68%). Furthermore the hybrid methods remain constantly at a very low level (6.70%) during the entire processing period.     

Mapping of temperature and line-of-sight errors in constituent retrievals for MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements

An optimized code for the near real-time retrieval of line of sight, temperature and volume-mixing ratio profiles of five key species (O₃, H₂O, HNO₃, CH₄ and N₂O) from infrared limb spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) experiment on board the ENVISAT-1 satellite was developed as part of an ESA-supported study. In this code line of sight and temperature are retrieved simultaneously among themselves, but sequentially with respect to the volume-mixing ratio of the five key species. The sequential retrieval leaves unaccounted the mapping of line of sight and temperature errors in the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the constituents. This paper illustrates an algorithm that provides the a-posteriori evaluation of temperature and line-of-sight-induced error on the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the MIPAS key species. It is shown that in most cases temperature and line-of-sight-induced error provides a significant contribution to the total volume-mixing ratio error. The variability of this error as a function of latitude, season and atmospheric model is also analyzed.     

化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性

由于天然材料日益紧缺 ,研制适宜于流动性沙漠地区公路沙害防治的人工替代材料势在必行 .结合塔里木沙漠公路沙害环境 ,实验室优选出 L VA、LVP、WBS和 STB 4种抗性较好的固沙剂 ,对其理化性能、粘结体力学性能和抗风蚀性能等测试结果表明 :颗粒粒径 0.2μm～ 0.5μm,粘度 12 Pa·s～ 15Pa·s;10℃～70℃温度下无沉淀 ,不燃烧 ;实验抗压强度 1.0 MPa～12.1 MPa;10℃～-20℃低温下重量损失率 0%～ 1.8%;紫外光照射 300h强度损失率 0%～ 42%;在 5m·s^-1～253m·s^-1实验风速下 ,风蚀量 0g·(106cm²·h)^-1～4.0 g·(106cm²·h)^-1 ;现场试验固结层厚度 0.2 mm～0.5mm,强度高 .化学工程固沙技术适宜于塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治 .     

靶场环境电磁干扰控制

阐述了在靶场中应用的屏蔽技术、接地技术、滤波技术、静电放电保护措施、机动车辆干扰控制等硬件抗干扰技术以及常用的软件抗干扰技术,这些措施的综合应用可以有效提高靶场设备的电磁兼容性.     

沉积物间隙水的几种制备方法

间隙水的制备对研究沉积和中物质的动力学非常重要。间隙水的制备方法有离心法、压榨法、渗析法、吸气引液法等，这些方法各有利弊。本文对这些方法分别进行了了综合比较。     

生物法脱氮新技术及研究进展

生物法脱氮技术一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点。本文对几种近年来新研究的生物法脱氮工艺和理论基础做了简要介绍和分析,并评述了它们的研究进展和发展方向,为污水生物脱氮技术更深入的研究提供了借鉴。     

土壤连续属性空间插值方法及其精度的研究进展

作为土壤变化的时空定量监测方法,土壤属性空间插值方法及其精度是计量土壤学和"数字土壤"领域的重要研究内容。文章首先介绍了土壤属性空间插值的常用方法,包括克立格插值法(Kriging)、反距离权重法(IDW)、样条插值法(Spline)、贝叶斯最大熵(BME)、地理加权回归(GWR)以及高精度曲面建模方法(HASM);其次阐述了土壤属性空间插值精度验证的方法和指标;再次总结了能够提高土壤属性插值精度的6种途径,包括合理选择插值方法、准确设定插值方法参数、合理设计采样数目和密度、注意空间自相关程度和范围的影响、科学安排实验分析顺序以及结合辅助信息进行插值;最后从插值方法的选择、验证指标的选取以及辅助信息的结合三个方面指出了土壤属性空间插值方法及其精度的未来研究方向。     

城市供水中藻类去除技术的研究进展

日趋严重的水体富营养化已成为全球性的环境问题,藻类及其副产物给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响,增加了水处理难度。本文对饮用水中藻类各种去除技术进行了具体的论述,并系统分析各技术去除效果、局限性,展望了藻类去除技术发展前景。指出目前控制饮用水中藻类污染必须将水源污染综合治理、强化预氧化工艺、优化常规工艺结合起来。