Escaping to and being active in neighbourhood parks: park use in a post-disaster setting

Neighbourhood parks may serve as a coping resource in post-disaster communities, yet little is known about the impact of large-scale disasters on park use. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) on park use by visitors from flooded areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, compared to visitors from non-flooded areas. In 2006 and 2007, following Hurricane Katrina, 201 adults who visited 27 New Orleans parks were interviewed. Visitors from flooded neighbourhoods used their parks less often and were less likely to engage in animal interaction than visitors from non-flooded neighbourhoods. They placed more importance on escape and physically-active motivations than visitors from non-flooded areas. Social reasons were also more important to visitors from flooded areas, but these differences disappeared after adjusting for race. Neighbourhood parks are a community asset that may play a role in the post-disaster recovery process by providing opportunities for escape and physical activity.     

2010—2020年中国沿海主要海湾形态变化特征

为揭示近期中国沿海主要海湾形态的变化特征,基于Landsat影像提取2010年、2015年和2020年中国沿海主要海湾的空间信息,以海湾岸线类型结构、岸线开发利用程度、海湾面积、海湾形状和平面重心位移作为评价指标,分析2010—2020年中国沿海主要海湾的形态变化特征。结果表明：（1）近10年间中国沿海主要海湾岸线长度及结构变化显著,自然岸线长度和保有率下降;（2）海湾岸线开发利用程度上升,但上升速度开始放缓,大多数海湾属于中等开发程度;（3）海湾面积持续萎缩,但萎缩速度放缓,渤海海区海湾的面积萎缩幅度最大且速度最快;（4）海湾形状的变化趋势存在南北差异,北方趋于复杂,南方趋于简单,总体则趋于简单;（5）海湾平面重心在2015年后趋于稳定,位移距离减小,位移速度放缓。总的来说,海湾形态变化的主导因素是以围填海为主的人类活动,国家层面近年来实施的围填海管控政策和措施已在海湾形态变化方面初步显现成效。研究认为,应对中国沿海的海湾进行基本功能定位和划分,实施精细化分类管理,促进海湾区域“三生空间”布局优化。     

浙江三门湾湿地遥感时间序列演变分析

海湾湿地演变的时空特征分析,对明晰海湾资源环境基底、了解综合开发潜力,促进湾区可持续发展具有重要意义。以浙江三门湾湿地为研究区,利用1984—2019年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像数据,基于湿地地物光谱指数时间序列变化特征,对三门湾湿地信息进行提取并分析了其动态变化。结果表明：1984年以来三门湾湿地面积变化显著,主要位于宁海县南部、三门县东北部以及象山县西南部地区;从海湾面积变化趋势看,1984—2002年呈波动下降趋势,2003—2009年呈加速下降趋势,2010—2019年则呈平稳发展趋势。围填海等人类活动导致海湾形态变化显著,海岸带管理政策的供给过程变化成为海湾湿地演变的重要因素之一。研究可为后围填海时代湾区建设与海湾可持续发展提供决策支持。     

紫外耦合游离亚硝酸强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究

为打破传统厌氧发酵过程中污泥破壁溶胞困难和产酸效能低的瓶颈,探究了紫外光（UV）耦合游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对污泥发酵产酸的影响,并与热（H）和超声法（US）耦合FNA预处理进行了对比分析.结果表明,UV辅助FNA联合预处理（FNA-UV）对细胞破碎和胞外聚合物的剥离具有协同效应,·OH和·O₂^-作为反应中间体,其强度远高于其他预处理组（FNA-US和FNA-H）,与·NO,·NO₂及ONOO^-等中间产物共同促进了溶解性有机物的释放,溶解性碳水化合物和蛋白质含量相比FNA组分别提升60%和90%,进而为后续水解产酸过程提供了充足的底物.FNA-UV组短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）浓度于第4d达到峰值,为（201.8±4.8） mg COD/g VSS,相比FNA组提升67%,乙酸占比高达56.8%.通过发酵末期对各体系进行碳平衡分析表明,紫外耦合FNA预处理在污泥减量、溶解性有机物的释放与转化、SCFAs的产生方面具有重要作用.微生物群落分析表明,FNA-UV对功能菌群的富集发挥重要作用,表现为厌氧发酵菌和反硝化菌的有效增强,相比其他各组提升了23.7%~270.6%.     

Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation

Ozonation has been widely applied in advanced wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of ozonation on assimilable organic carbon （AOC） levels in secondary effluents was investigated, and AOC variation of different molecular weight （MW） organic components was analyzed. Although the removal efflciencies were 47%-76% and 94%-100% for UV2s4 and color at ozone dosage of 10 mg/L, dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in secondary effluents was hardly removed by ozonation. The AOC levels increased by 70%-780% at an ozone dosage range of 1-10 mg/L. AOC increased significantly in the instantaneous ozone demand phase, and the increase in AOC was correlated to the decrease in UV254 during ozonation. The results of MW distribution showed that, ozonation led to the transformation of larger molecules into smaller ones, but the increase in low MW （〈1 kDa） fraction did not contribute much to AOC production. The change of high MW （〉100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） fractions itself during ozonation was the main reason for the increase of AOC levels. Furthermore, the oxidation of organic matters with high MWs （〉 100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） resulted in more AOC production than those with low MWs （1-10 kDa and 〈1 kDa）. The results indicated that removing large molecules in secondary effluents could limit the increase of AOC during ozonation.     

重庆市城市生活垃圾成分及物理特性分析研究

通过对重庆市城市生活垃圾成分、含水率、容重和热值的分析,得出了生活垃圾成分及物理指标的均值区间,结果显示生活垃圾中可回收组分和易燃烧组分比例较高。对生活垃圾成分、含水率、容重、热值之间的相关性以及区域影响因素进行了分析,分析结果表明,生活垃圾成分中不同组分的含量与生活垃圾的物理指标有一定的相关性;生活垃圾含水率、容重、砖瓦陶瓷类含量不同地区之间差异性显著,表明区域因素对生活垃圾成分、含水率、容重有显著影响。     

中国废旧家电处理技术的现状与对策研究

家用电器的更新换代使得废旧家电的资源化利用问题日益突出,不合理处置和回收会给环境造成极大污染。因此,广泛开展废旧电器回收利用方面的研究,使这些宝贵的二次资源得到科学合理的资源化和无害化处置,对保证人类所需生产和生活资源的永续利用,促进人类的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。介绍了中国废旧家电年废弃量及回收利用价值,总结了处理废旧家电的基本技术特点及中国处置技术方面存在的问题。在此基础上,对中国废旧家电回收处理工艺提出建议和对策。     

磁性生物炭的合成及对土壤重金属污染的钝化效果

为提高生物炭对土壤重金属的钝化能力,通过温和液相还原再氧化法制备了磁性生物炭材料.利用土壤培养实验,以0%、 0.3%、 0.6%和1.0%(质量分数)的比例向重金属污染土壤中施加磁性生物炭,考察磁性生物炭对土壤重金属污染的钝化修复效果及对土壤理化特性的影响,并对修复机制进行了探讨.结果表明,添加不同比例磁性生物炭后,土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn有效态含量均呈现不同程度的下降,且随着该材料添加比例的增加土壤中重金属有效态降幅随之增加.培养24 d后,Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的钝化效率分别达到了27.52%、 49.55%、 55.83%、 27.33%和26.01%(添加量为1%),但土壤中重金属的形态并没有发生显著变化,可能主要与重金属和生物炭之间相对较弱的结合机制有关.同时,磁性生物炭的添加改善了土壤的理化性质,其中pH值提高0.7个单位,脱氢酶活性提高6倍,过氧化氢酶活性和有机质分别提高37.06%和22.11%.     

秸秆与脱硫石膏配施改良黄河三角洲盐碱地的理化性质

为探索秸秆与脱硫石膏配施改良滨海盐渍化土壤效果,以黄河三角洲地区碱化盐土为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,设置对照(CK)、脱硫石膏(DG)、中量秸杆(MS)、脱硫石膏+低量秸秆(DGLS)、脱硫石膏+中量秸秆(DGMS)和脱硫石膏+高量秸秆(DGHS)共6个处理,结合团聚体分级法比较不同处理下滨海盐碱化土壤容重、总孔隙度、 pH、可溶性盐含量、微生物量碳、溶解性有机碳、新碳和团聚体有机碳的变化.结果发现,MS和DGHS处理显著降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤总孔隙度、含水率和平均重量直径;各处理下土壤pH和碱化度均显著降低,且无显著性差异;DG处理显著降低了土壤钠吸附比,与MS处理相比,DGLS、 DGMS和DGHS处理的土壤钠吸附比有进一步降低的趋势,降幅范围为57%～66%. DGLS、 DGMS和DGHS处理的土壤可溶性Na⁺分别较MS降低27.92%、 32.23%和20.15%,而可溶性Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-含量显著增加;与CK相比,各处理均能显著降低Cl^-含量,且各处理间差异...     

Exploring the linkage between the home domain and absence from work: Health,motivation, or both?

The aim of this study was twofold. First, we examined depleting and enriching effects of employees' home domain (home demands and quality time spent at home) on unscheduled absence from work. Second, we tested the assumption of the medical and withdrawal models that absence duration and frequency are uniquely predicted by respectively health condition and job motivation. We used longitudinal, different‐source data from 1014 employees. The results showed that home quality time was negatively related to absence frequency and duration in the following year through a physical pathway (less physical stress symptoms and health complaints) and through a psychological pathway (less psychological stress symptoms, increased job motivation). Employees with heavy home demands reported more physical and psychological stress symptoms, more health complaints, and lower job motivation. Accordingly, they had longer and more frequent sick leaves in the consecutive year. We conclude that the home domain adds to our understanding of absence from work. In addition, the model including cross pathways between health complaints and job motivation on the one hand, and absence frequency and duration on the other, best fitted the data. Thus, a clear distinction between volitional absence (frequency) and absence due to illness (duration) seems hard to justify. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.