Seasonal variation and partition of trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb) in surface sediments: relationship with physico-chemical variables of water from the Calabar River, South Eastern Nigeria

The seasonal variation and partition of trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr and Pb) in the surface sediments of the Calabar River are reported. Chemical partition of the metals in the sediments reveals that 2–30% of the total metal load was contributed by the non-detrital (acid-soluble) fraction, while fine-grained host minerals/compounds are the main carriers of the detrital (acid-insoluble) fraction (70–98%). Using multivariate statistical analysis, the seasonal fluctuations in the distribution of some of the metals show significant influence by physio-chemical changes (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and conductivity) in the water column. Fe–Mn oxide grain coatings and sulphide materials have been identified as scavengers of some of the non-detrital and detrital trace metals in the sediments. On the basis of index of geoaccumulation (I-geo) and comparison with previous studies, the Calabar River surface sediments have been classified as unpolluted.     

Physico-chemical indices of breeding sites of Simulium damnosum in the lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria

IntroductionBlackflies (Simulium spp.) act as the vectors ofOnchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of humanonchocerciasis. Blackflies are found mostly in areas with fastflowing water such as rivers and streams, with rocky bedsproviding…     

贵州主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性研究

首次较系统、全面地测定了贵州省主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性，分别探讨了水稻土和旱作土脲酶活性与土壤主要理化性状之间的关系。结果表明：耕作土壤脲酶活性因土壤利用状况、土壤类型和土壤肥力水平不同而有明显的差异，供试水稻土、旱作土和菜园土的平均脲酶活性分别为１５５、２７７和７０３ｍｇＮＨ４－Ｎ／１００ｇ土·２４ｈ；不同类型水稻土和旱作土具有不同的脲酶活性水平，这主要受成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性的影响；水稻土和旱作土的脲酶活性均随土壤肥力水平的提高而增强，说明脲酶活性强弱是表征土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一。回归分析表明，土壤脲酶活性主要受土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等因素的影响，其中土壤基础铵量对耕作土壤脲酶活性的影响最大。水稻土脲酶活性还受土壤通透性的制约．而旱作土的则主要受土壤养分状况的影响。     

纳米TiO2和ZnO颗粒对红壤理化性质的影响

通过对耕作红壤的现场实验,较为系统的反映了人工纳米颗粒(TiO_2、ZnO)对土壤理化性质的影响。数据表明,在本实验周期(90 d)内,耕作红壤掺杂不同剂量(0. 1 mg/g、0. 2 mg/g、0. 5 mg/g、1 mg/g、3 mg/g)人工纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒显著提升了土壤pH和电导率值;纳米颗粒对土壤微生物菌落数有一定的抑制作用;纳米颗粒对土壤有机质含量的影响不明显。整体而言,人工纳米颗粒(TiO_2、ZnO)进入土壤体系后,对土壤理化性质产生了一定程度的影响,且剂量越大,影响越明显。     

芳香族磺酸基化合物有机废水处理技术的研究进展

概述了芳香族磺酸基有机物的废水处理技术,分析了各种技术的优点和存在的问题,对难降解有机物的处理进行了展望,提出具有优势的处理方法。     

Distribution of Metals in the Edible Plants Grown at Jajmau, Kanpur (India) Receiving Treated Tannery Wastewater: Relation with Physico-Chemical Properties of the Soil

The implications of metal contamination of agricultural soils due to long term irrigation with treated industrial wastewater and their subsequent accumulation in the vegetables/crops growing on such soils has been assessed in an area of industrial complex, Jajmau, Kanpur (India). Physico-chemical properties of the soil were also studied. The soil and vegetables/crops were sampled from an area of 2100 acre agricultural land and analyzed for physico-chemical properties and metal accumulation in different parts of the plants. The comparison of the data of physico-chemical properties of control and contaminated soil showed that salinity, electrical conductivity, available phosphorous, sodium and potassium content (both water soluble and exchangeable) were found high in contaminated soil. The analysis of plant available metal content in the soil showed the highest level of Fe, which ranged from 529.02 to 2615 μg g⁻¹ dw and lowest level of Ni (3.12 to 10.51 μg g⁻¹ dw). The analysis of the results revealed that accumulation of toxic metal Cr in leafy vegetables was found more than fruit bearing vegetables/crops. Thus, it is recommended that the leafy vegetables are unsuitable to grow in such contaminated sites. It is important to note that toxic metal, Ni was not detected in all the plants. The edible part of the vegetables (under ground) such as, garlic (19.27 μg g⁻¹ dw), potato (11.81 μg g⁻¹ dw) and turmeric (20.86 μg g⁻¹ dw) has accumulated lowest level of toxic metal, Cr than leafy and fruit bearing vegetables. In some fruit part of vegetables such as, bitter gourd, egg plant, jack tree, maize and okra, the accumulation of Cr was not detected and may be grown in this area.     

Microbial densities and physico-chemical quality of some crude oil flow stations' saver pit effluents in the Niger Delta Basin of Southern Nigeria

Five crude oil flow stations saver pit effluents were sampledduring the months of May, June, July and August to determinesome of their physico-chemical qualities and microbiologicaldensities before their discharge into the environment. Standardanalytical techniques were employed in the investigation. A highmicrobial density in the range of 10⁶ cfu mL^-1 was observed in the samples. The high coliform count obtained poses apotential threat to the local inhabitants of the area. Thephysico-chemical qualities of the effluents appear to falloutside acceptable standards. The pH of the effluent fell belowthe desirable range of 7.0 to 8.5 in May and August inflowstations 3, 4 and 5. Total dissolved solids were above thehighest desirable levels for most months from June to August inall flowstations. Dissolved oxygen levels fell below minimumdesirable level of 2.0 mg L^-1 in August for flowstations 1, 2, and4. Adequate treatment of the effluent is required especiallyduring the month of August before discharge into the environment.     

硝化抑制剂对农业废物好氧堆肥理化性质及反硝化功能基因的影响

以秸秆等农业废物为主要原料,添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺（dicyandiamide,DCD）进行静态好氧堆肥实验,设置相同堆肥条件不添加DCD作为空白对照,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的pH值、NH4+-N浓度、NO3--N浓度和水溶性有机碳（WSC）理化参数的变化趋势,并应用定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time PCR）技术对参与反硝化过程的功能基因（nirK、nirS和nosZ）丰度随时间的变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,添加DCD明显地改变了堆肥过程的氮素转化,两组堆肥样品的pH值、NH4+-N浓度、NO3--N浓度有显著差异（pnirK基因的抑制效果最显著,同时nirS和nosZ基因因为理化参数的改变而受到了间接影响。     

Agro-waste biosorbents: Effect of physico-chemical properties on atrazine and imidacloprid sorption

Low cost agro-waste biosorbents namely eucalyptus bark (EB), corn cob (CC), bamboo chips (BC), rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH) were characterized and used to study atrazine and imidacloprid sorption. Adsorption studies suggested that biosorbents greatly varied in their pesticide sorption behaviour. The EB was the best biosorbent to sorb both atrazine and imidacloprid with K_F values of 169.9 and 85.71, respectively. The adsorption isotherm were nonlinear in nature with slope (1/n) values <1. The Freundlich constant Correlating atrazine/imidacloprid sorption parameter [K_F.(1/n)] with the physicochemical properties of the biosorbents suggested that atrazine adsorption correlated significantly to the aromaticity, polarity, surface area, fractal dimension, lacunarity and relative C-O band intensity parameters of biosorbents. Probably, both physisorption and electrostatic interactions were responsible for the pesticide sorption. The eucalyptus bark can be exploited as low cost adsorbent for the removal of these pesticides as well as a component of on-farm biopurification systems.     

南方红壤区不同经济林地土壤理化特征和酶活性的对比研究

基于中国南方红壤区马尾松、桉树、蜜柚三种不同经济林地,测试土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、全氮、碱性氮、全磷、速效磷、C/N比值、土壤酶活性等参数,综合分析不同经济林地土壤理化指标和酶活性的特征差异。结果表明,马尾松林地的有机碳、活性有机碳含量和C/N比值明显高于桉树和蜜柚林地,而全氮、碱性氮、全磷和速效磷等含量在三个林地之间的差异则没有规律。这说明马尾松林地土壤有持续的新有机质补充,而桉树和蜜柚林地土壤有机质存量在逐渐消耗,滞留在土壤中的复合肥又显著改变了林地土壤的氮磷含量比例;桉树和蜜柚林地土壤酶活性明显低于基本处于无常规人工管理的马尾松林地,说明高强度的人工土地开发已显著影响了桉树和蜜柚林地的土壤肥力及土壤微生物总活性。