陈化处理对棉花秸秆生物炭理化性质的影响

为探讨陈化处理对秸秆生物炭理化性质的影响,采用冻融和干湿方法分别对不同热解温度(350、500和650℃)下制备的棉花秸秆生物炭进行陈化处理,对比分析新鲜和陈化生物炭的理化性质.结果表明,热解温度、环境温度、湿度和陈化时间是影响生物炭理化性质的主要因素.陈化处理可以加速生物炭表面发生氧化反应,增加生物炭表面的酸性官能团,进而降低生物炭的pH值.生物炭经过陈化处理后,其C含量减少,O含量增加,这也归因于生物炭的氧化反应.陈化处理可以增加生物炭的比表面积和微孔体积,且新鲜和陈化生物炭的孔隙结构主要以介孔为主.陈化处理还可以破坏生物炭表面较完整的形状,降低生物炭的稳定性.     

进场垃圾的筛分特性试验研究及优化处理

通过深入现场的调查、实验研究，对深圳老虎坑环境园的进场垃圾进行物理成分及理化特性分析。测定了进场垃圾的容重、物理组成、含水率、发热值等基础数据，为废弃物的减量化、无害化与资源化提供了依据。特别是通过垃圾的筛分实验，提出了80mm、60mm的筛上物进垃圾焚烧厂的优化处理方案。     

沂蒙山区不同覆被棕壤理化特征对径流溶解态氮磷输出的影响

以沂蒙山区的棕壤为例,利用野外原位模拟降雨试验,在分析荒草地、侧柏林、金银花、山楂园和花生地等5种典型覆被下棕壤坡地径流溶解态氮(DN)、磷(DP)输出特征的基础上,探讨了不同土地覆被类型下棕壤主要理化性质差异对径流DN、DP输出的影响.结果表明,在降雨强度(70 mm·h-1)、地形和植被覆盖度等条件较为一致的情况下...     

不同颗粒龄的好氧颗粒污泥性能的研究

在SBR反应器中,分别以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧颗粒污泥和直接接种的已稳定运行1 a的好氧颗粒污泥为对象,对2种颗粒龄不同的颗粒污泥的形态、理化特性、对有机物降解能力以及微生物活性进行了比较研究.结果表明,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒的平均湿密度、污泥的比重和表示物理强度的完整系数(IC)分别为1.066 g.cm-3、1.013 g.cm-3和98.7%,各指标均高于大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的1.026 g.cm-3、1.010 g.cm-3和98.4%,两者的平均粒径分别为1.9 mm和2.2 mm.小颗粒龄好氧颗粒和大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的沉降速度分别为0.005～0.032 m.s-1和0.003～0.028 m.s-1,前者的SVI较低,且两体系中好氧颗粒的沉降速度均随粒径的增大而增大.两者对COD、NH4+-N的去除率都保持在90%以上和85%左右,从出水COD浓度、NH4+-N浓度和周期试验来看,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒对COD、NH4+-N的去除效果更好,两者对TP的去除率分别维持在40%～90%和32%～85%,但两者对TN的去除效果相差不大,去除率都在80%左右.同时,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒的异养菌比耗氧速率(SOURH)、亚硝酸菌比耗氧速率(SOURNH4)、硝酸菌比耗氧速率(SOURNO2)分别为26.4、14.8和11.2 mg.(h.g)-1,均大于大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的25.2、14.4和8.4 mg.(h.g)-1.综上所述,好氧颗粒污泥由于颗粒龄的不同会具有明显不同的理化性质,颗粒龄小的好氧颗粒具有更好的有机物降解能力、更高的微生物活性和更好的稳定性.     

焦化废水处理新工艺

焦化废水因含有难降解和对生物有抑制性的物质而较难处理。在不加稀释水的条件下,采用物化预处理/生化/膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺对宣化钢铁公司的焦化废水处理进行中试研究。并同焦化厂现有工艺进行了比较。结果表明:经物化预处理提高废水的可生化性以及MBR对生化出水的强化处理后,新工艺对COD、NH3-N等的去除效果较现有工艺有明显改善,正常生产情况下出水可达标排放。     

塔里木盆地南缘绿洲土壤酶活性与理化因子相关性

基于塔里木盆地南缘于田绿洲土壤酶活性与水盐、养分等理化因子数据,利用冗余分析技术(RDA)全面分析了土壤酶活性与理化因子间的关系. 结果显示:①于田绿洲土壤酶活性总体水平较低,过氧化氢酶(以KMnO₄计)、转化酶(以Na₂S₂O₃计)、脲酶(以NH₃-N计)和碱性磷酸酶(以C₆H₆O计)活性平均值分别为9.37、2.04、0.27和0.18 mg/g;研究区土壤水分含量(15.46%,以w计)较少且盐渍化严重〔w(全盐)平均值为19.39 g/kg〕. ②w(有机质)、土壤水分含量、地下水埋深和w(有效磷)是影响土壤酶活性的主要因素,w(有机质)、土壤水分含量、w(有效磷)与土壤酶活性呈正相关,地下水埋深与土壤酶活性呈负相关. ③各理化因子对土壤酶活性影响的重要性排序为w(有机质)、土壤水分含量、地下水埋深、w(有效磷)、pH、w(全盐)、电导率、w(速效钾). 综合分析表明,研究区强盐渍化的土壤性质对土壤酶活性的抑制并不显著,土壤碳、磷等养分与水分状况才是限制土壤酶活性的关键因素.      

Soil physicochemical properties of Pinus tabuliformis plantations of different ages in Yanqing,Beijing北大核心CSCD

Soil physicochemical properties are important parameters to characterize soil quality. To evaluate the effects of different stand ages from young to mature on the soil physicochemical properties of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations, four different aged P. tabulaeformis plantations (14, 28, 36, and 51-year old) were investigated in Yanqing district, Beijing, China. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, to analyze the effect of soil depth on soil physicochemical indexes. With increasing soil depth, the soil moisture content, water holding capacity, and porosity decreased gradually, but pH value increased. There was no significant difference in soil bulk density (BD) between different soil depths. Organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content also decreased gradually with increasing soil depth, but there was no uniform change in electrical conductivity (EC). With the growth and development of P. tabulaeformis plantations, the soil moisture content, water holding capacity, and porosity of the same depth increased gradually, but pH value decreased. The difference in BD between different ages was not significant. The OM, N, and P content showed an increasing trend with increasing stand age. The K content in 14 a and 28 a plantations was significantly higher than that in 36 a and 51 a plantations. EC was the highest in 51 a plantations. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between BD and water characteristics, porosity. There was a significant positive correlation between OM and N, P. The negative correlation between OM and pH reached a significant level at P < 0.01. OM was negatively correlated with BD, total potassium (TK, P < 0.05) and available potassium (AK, P > 0.05). Therefore, the soil physicochemical properties of P. tabulaeformis plantations improved with increasing stand age. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the management of P. tabulaeformis plantations in Beijing, such as thinning, fertilization management, and mixed forest forestation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Metal pollution status of Tajan River – Northern Iran

The monitoring of surface water quality of rivers is crucial to protect aquatic life and receiving water bodies of economic importance. The aim of the current study was to examine selected physicochemical parameters of River Tajan due to its ecological importance in Iran. Water samples from nine points covering the entire Tajan River and Caspian Sea estuary were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), carbonates, chlorides and selected heavy metals including zinc, cadmium, lead and chromium. The pH and levels of EC, TDS, chlorides, carbonates and all metals were within the USEPA reference guidelines for surface water quality standards. Although these water quality parameters are considered safe, continuous monitoring and assessment is recommended in order to protect the coastal receiving waters of Caspian Sea which serves as a tourist attraction in northern Iran.     

环境介质中药物和个人护理品的潜在风险研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在环境介质中的残留物作为一种新型污染物在环境介质中的转归,逐渐成为环境工作者和公众密切关注的焦点.这些物质特殊的物化特性及其被大量使用的现状,给生态环境和人类健康带来一定的潜在风险.由PPCPs使用所引发的风险问题正在成为当前学术界所面临的研究方向之一.欧洲和美国已经开始了对PPCPs的风险评估研究,中国研究者仅对某些药物的分析检测方法进行了初步探索,对PPCPs的潜在风险研究还呈空白.从PPCPs的物化特性及其对环境介质的影响入手,对其潜在风险进行了分析,并介绍了目前国外PPCPs风险研究进展,以期为中国开展PPCPs的风险评估提供参考.     

化学预处理对微塑料Pb吸附潜力的影响及机理研究

污水和污泥是土壤等生态环境中微塑料的重要来源,受到人们的广泛关注.由于污水和污泥中含有大量的有机质,化学预处理通常被用于提高其中微塑料的提取及分析效率,然而至今关于化学预处理对微塑料的吸附潜力及表面理化特性的影响研究较少.本研究探讨了5种预处理条件,即1 mol·L~(-1) HCl、1 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3、30%H_2O_2、1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH和5 mol·L~(-1) NaOH,对6种微塑料类型(PA、PE、PP、PS、PET和PMMA)Pb吸附潜力的影响,同时通过微塑料表面理化特性的分析,探讨了预处理影响微塑料Pb吸附的机理.结果表明6种微塑料对Pb吸附等温式符合Langmuir模型,Pb吸附能力大小顺序分别为:PAPMMAPETPEPPPS,最大吸附量分别为2922.9、699.3、584.8、549.5、510.2和277.8μg·g~(-1).与此同时,不同预处理条件对微塑料Pb吸附特性的影响不同,总体而言,碱预处理会导致微塑料Pb吸附量增加,且随着碱处理浓度的增加而增加,而酸预处理会引起Pb吸附量减小,其中硝酸预处理作用更加显著.进一步分析预处理前后微塑料质量、尺寸、表面官能团及表面形态等的变化情况,发现碱预处理对微塑料的腐蚀作用最大,其次为硝酸预处理组,最后为盐酸和过氧化氢预处理组.此外,与玻璃型(如PS)微塑料相比,预处理对橡胶型微塑料(如PE)的影响更大.