渗滤液灌溉土壤N2O释放及氨挥发的研究

选用2种供试土壤（S1和S2）,通过培养试验研究了渗滤液投加土壤后N₂O释放、氨挥发及矿物氮的转化,并讨论了土壤理化性质对上述过程的影响.土壤pH值较大程度地决定了氨的挥发,仅投加渗滤液的碱性土S1在培养期的前5 d内测到氨挥发,通过氨挥发共损失了约3.0‰的渗滤液氮.投加同等含量的渗滤液后,不同土壤可导致N₂O释放量近20倍的差异(p<0.01).土壤含水率（WFPS）影响了土壤中硝酸盐氮的生成速率,从而制约了N₂O释放通量的高低.与WFPS为46%时相比,投加蒸馏水的土壤S1、投加渗滤液的土壤S1和土壤S2在WFPS为70%的条件下N₂O的释放通量均值分别提高了6.5 (p>0.05)、 1.8(p>0.05)和2.2倍(p<0.05).渗滤液投加土壤在10 d培养期内,土壤S1和S2因N₂O释放分别损失了41.1‰和2.3‰的渗滤液氮.为此,控制灌溉土壤的含水率(<70% WFPS),并选用酸性土壤可有效地控制渗滤液灌溉下N₂O的释放和氨挥发.     

不同粒径铁铝泥对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附效果

以给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥(ferric and alum water treatment residuals,FARs)为载体,考察了不同粒径FARs对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附效果.不同粒径FARs的有效铁铝含量、比表面积和孔体积分别为523.72～1 861.72 mmol.kg-1、28.15～265.59 m2.g-1和0.03～0.09 cm3.g-1,总有机质、富里酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素分别为46.97～91.58、0.02～32.27、22.27～34.09和10.76～34.22 mg.kg-1.SEM和XRD检测表明,不同粒径FARs均以无定形结构存在.批量实验结果表明,准一级和准二级动力学方程均能较好地反映FARs吸附砷(Ⅲ)的动力学过程.不同粒径FARs对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附量随着浓度的增加而增高,用Langmuir等温线方程拟合获得理论饱和吸附量在6.72～21.79 mg.g-1之间.pH值对FARs吸附砷(Ⅲ)的作用影响不大.砷(Ⅲ)吸附量大小与不同粒径FARs的理化性质的变化趋势基本一致,由相关性分析可得,有效铁铝含量和孔体积大小是影响FARs对砷(Ⅲ)吸附的主要因素.     

滨海滩涂围垦区不同围垦年限土壤酶活性变化及其与理化性质关系

土壤酶几乎参与所有的土壤生物化学过程,厘清土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系能够揭示围垦后土壤质量变化状况,为土壤生态系统的科学调控提供理论依据.选择江苏中部如东不同围垦年限(7、32、40、63 a)的滩涂围垦区为研究对象,以未围垦光滩作为对照(0 a),利用经典统计学分析和冗余分析研究不同围垦年限土壤酶活性变化过程,及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系.经典统计学分析表明不同围垦年限间土壤酶活性具有显著性差异,淀粉酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随着围垦年限的增长呈现出先上升后下降的过程,而脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性则随着围垦年限的增长呈现出先上升-下降-再上升的过程.同时,不同围垦年限的表层土壤酶活性基本上高于深层.冗余分析表明5种理化性质在前两轴累积能够解释土壤酶活性的69.8%,pH、电导率、土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷与土壤酶活性呈极显著相关关系(P0.01).土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性影响重要性大小排序为全氮有机碳pH全磷电导率.     

Seasonal differences in treatment efficiency of a set of stabilization ponds in a semi-arid region

This article aims to determine the significant differences of the seasonal changes of pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) parameters in a wastewater stabilization pond. The variation of these parameters followed the seasonal pattern of temperature. The mean seasonal pH of the influent wastewater ranged between 7.8 (in spring) and 7.9 (in summer), while in the final effluents it was between 7.9 (in winter) and 8.3 (in summer). The mean seasonal COD of the influent wastewater ranged between 650?mg?L^?1 in spring and 600?mg?L^?1 in autumn, whereas in the effluents it was between 150?mg?L^?1 in autumn and 270?mg?L^?1 in spring. The mean seasonal BOD₅ of the influent wastewater ranged between 360?mg?L^?1 in autumn and 390?mg?L^?1 in winter, whereas in the effluents it was between 66?mg?L^?1 in summer and 130?mg?L^?1 in winter. The results showed that the percent removals of COD, BOD₅ and TSS from final effluents were maximum in summer for COD and BOD₅ (76%), summer (83%) and for TSS in winter (78%), respectively. Data analysis showed that there were significant differences between parameters of pH, COD, BOD₅ and TSS at four different seasons (p?相似文献   

施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

城市污泥的合理处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要课题。因污泥富含有机质和有效营养成分,对土壤改良有积极的促进作用,所以污泥的土地利用普遍被认为是一种积极、有效的处置方式。鉴于此,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统的．影响及相关的过程和机理进行了综述。结果显示,施用污泥可改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质和氮、磷等养分元素的含量,其改良作用因污泥类型而异。污泥对土壤重金属的积累有所影响,特别是在酸雨频发地区或者长期施用污泥,可能会带来重金属Gu污染的环境风险。污泥普遍有利于提高土壤酶活性,譬如土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,但污泥施用过量或时间延长,则会抑制多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶的活性,而污泥对过氧化氢酶的影响则不大。污泥对土壤微生物特性短期内有积极的影响,但长期则有负面作用。施用污泥可导致土壤动物活性的增加,但也会对一些土壤动物产生毒性,譬如异壳介虫属和弹尾目昆虫,而且污泥毒性不仅取决于污泥用量,土壤类型也起着重要作用。基于上述分析和评述,提出了未来研究展望如下：（1）针对污泥施用后土壤生态系统生物、物理和化学过程和机理进行系统、综合的基础研究;（2）对污泥土地利用进行长期的系统定位试验和环境监测,并对之进行环境风险评价;（3）对污泥稳定化处理技术的创新及其应用研究。     

黄河三角洲不同植物群落土壤酶活性特征及影响因子分析

土壤酶是滨海湿地群落构建和演替的关键因子,但水盐胁迫条件下土壤酶活性的驱动机制尚不明确.以黄河三角洲盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳这3种盐生植物群落为对象,研究其根际与非根际土壤中蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性特征及其分布规律,并结合土壤理化性质的变化探讨滨海湿地群落演替过程中土壤酶活性的驱动因子.结果表明,盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳群落的根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力指标均显著高于非根际土壤(P <0. 05).在根际土壤中,磷酸酶与过氧化氢酶活性均表现为盐地碱蓬<芦苇<柽柳,蔗糖酶与脲酶活性则分别表现为柽柳<盐地碱蓬<芦苇、盐地碱蓬<柽柳<芦苇,且不同盐生植物群落根际土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P <0. 05),说明植物类型及其根际效应均会影响土壤酶活性和土壤肥力特征,且根际效应对土壤酶活性的影响大于植被类型.土壤蔗糖酶活性与有效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)显著正相关(P <0. 05);脲酶活性与全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、AK、AP、NH₄     

钢铁厂铁鳞、铁红基本物性及还原性研究

对钢铁厂铁鳞、铁红的基本物化性能和还原性能进行了研究。结果表明：粒度较粗、全铁较高铁鳞的还原性较好，适于作为优质海绵铁的原料。粒度极细、全铁高且杂质含量很低的铁红还原性也较好，适于作还原铁粉生产的原料。     

阜山金矿区构造变形岩相特征与成矿流体构造物理化学特征研究

在构造动力成岩成矿思路的指导下 ,通过构造变形岩相形迹填图区分不同的岩石构造单元 ,并在此基础上研究不同构造带的流体特征 ,进行物理化学场结构与界面分析及流体参量填图 ,试图建立阜山金矿床成矿的构造物理化学模型     

Nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes of northern greece

GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Shallow lakes display a number of features that set them apart from the more frequently studied deeper systems. The majority of lakes in Northern Greece are small to moderate in size with a relatively low depth and are considered as sites of high value of the wetland habitat. However, the water quality of these lakes has only been evaluated segmentally and occasionally. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate nitrogen and phosphorus speciation in lakes of a high ecological significance located in N. Greece, in order to evaluate their eutrophication status and possible nutrient limitation factors, and to investigate the main factors/sources that affect the water quality of these systems. METHODS: An extensive survey was carried out during the period from 1998-1999. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis from lakes Koronia, Volvi, Doirani, Mikri Prespa and Megali Prespa located in N. Greece. Water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity), organic indices (COD, BOD5), and N- and P-species (NO3(-), NO2(-), NH4(+), and PO4(3-), Kieldahl nitrogen and acid-hydrolysable phosphorus) were determined according to standard methods for surface water. Statistical treatment of the data was employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical parameters determined in the lakes studied revealed a high temporal variation. The trophic state of the lakes ranged from meso- to hypertrophic. The nutrient limiting factor varied among lakes suggesting either P-limitation conditions or mixed conditions changing from P- to N-limitation throughout the year. Urban/industrial activities and agricultural runoff are the major factors affecting all lakes, although with a varying contribution. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This lake-specific research offers valuable information about water quality and nutrient dynamics in lakes of significant ecological value located in N. Greece that can be useful for an effective pollution control/management of these systems. Due to the large intra-annual variability of certain physicochemical parameters, a properly designed monitoring program of lake water is recommended.     

渗滤液灌溉土壤N_2O释放及氨挥发的研究

选用2种供试土壤(S1和S2),通过培养试验研究了渗滤液投加土壤后N2O释放、氨挥发及矿物氮的转化,并讨论了土壤理化性质对上述过程的影响.土壤pH值较大程度地决定了氨的挥发,仅投加渗滤液的碱性土S1在培养期的前5 d内测到氨挥发,通过氨挥发共损失了约3.0‰的渗滤液氮.投加同等含量的渗滤液后,不同土壤可导致N2O释放量近20倍的差异(P<0.01).土壤含水率(WFPS)影响了土壤中硝酸盐氮的生成速率,从而制约了N2O释放通量的高低.与WFPS为46%时相比,投加蒸馏水的土壤S1、投加渗滤液的土壤S1和土壤S2在WFPS为70%的条件下N2O的释放通量均值分别提高了6.5(P>0.05)、1.8(P>0.05)和2.2倍(P<0.05).渗滤液投加土壤在10 d培养期内,土壤S1和S2因N2O释放分别损失了41.1‰和2.3‰的渗滤液氮.为此,控制灌溉土壤的含水率(<70%WFPS),并选用酸性土壤可有效地控制渗滤液灌溉下N20的释放和氨挥发.