天然色素生产废水的生物处理研究

天然色素生产废水是一种色度大、难处理的高浓度有机废水,为了寻找该废水的有效处理方法,本文作者采用由升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、生物接触氧化、混凝吸附组成的废水处理工艺,对该废水进行了处理试验,结果表明,对稀释4倍的原水,当进水COD为14900mg/L左右时,UASB经过36h的水力停留时间,COD的去除率为58.2%～60.2%、出水色度为180～270倍,SS为119～126mg/L,pH值为6.5～6.8;UASB出水经过24h好氧生物接触氧化反应,COD的去除率超过90%,SS<70mg/L;最终经过Ca(ClO)2氧化和煤渣吸附深度处理,脱色可至无色,出水COD为200mg/L以下。UASB生物接触氧化氧化吸附组合处理工艺处理该类天然色素生产废水是可行的。     

The Response of Hydrophytes to Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals

The effects of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺ at low and high concentrations (0.025 and 0.25 mg/ml) on the accumulation capacity, the state of the pigment complex, and photosynthesis rate have been studied in model experiments with three floating hydrophytes (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., Lemna gibba L., and Potamogeton natans L.) and four submerged hydrophytes (Elodea canadensis Michx., Lemna trisulka L., Ceratophyllum demersum L., and Potamogeton lucens L.). Copper and cadmium are especially toxic at the concentrations studied. The effect of Cu²⁺ was the strongest in hydatophytes, and the effect of Cd²⁺, in pleustophytes. It is hypothesized that the differences between hydrophytes with respect to accumulation of metals and decrease in photosynthesis rate may cause predominant elimination of submerged species. Therefore, changes in the species structure of hydrophyte communities may be expected in waters polluted with metals.     

利用含铅粉尘制铬黄颜料的研究

针对显像管玻壳粉尘的特点，提出了采用盐酸热循环浸取铅，冷析氯化铅产品，实现铅尘无害化的方法；并解决了由氯化铅生产铬黄颜料的技术关键。采用该技术处理此类粉尘不但具有良好的环境效益，而且经济效益显著。     

Artificial indoor streams as a method to investigate the impact of chemicals on lotic communities

The potential hazard of chemicals on aquatic communities are generally evaluated by standardised single-species bioassays. Safety assessment is based on results gained from organisms adapted to lentic systems and biological interactions in ecosystems are neglected. While lotic communities are often at first in contact with chemicals, it is astonishing that microcosms with lentic communities are mainly used as a bridge between laboratory bioassays and outdoor aquatic systems. Hence, we established five artificial indoor streams to simulate abiotic factors of small rivers. The closed-circuit system was filled with nutrients added to tap water. Washed pebbles were used as sediment. The dynamics of a simple biocoenoses consisting of aufwuchs, Lumbriculus variegatus Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum was investigated. The dynamic of aufwuchs and periphyton was determined as dry weight and chlorophyll-a, respectively and qualitatively by pigment pattern. The abundance of different developmental stages of L. variegatus was determined at the end of the experiment as well as the population dynamics of G. fossarum and A. aquaticus. Survival rates of gammarids and juveniles per female were investigated and data were used for modelling the population dynamics. The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of the established artificial streams and the developed approaches to investigate effects of chemicals on a basic lotic community. The prime reason to establish this approach was to close a gap between complex artificial stream systems and laboratory single species tests to assess the impact of chemicals on the aquatic environment.     

东海赤潮高发区半分析算法色素浓度反演

为研究赤潮机理和预测预报以减少其危害,根据2002-04东海赤潮调查航次实测资料,得出经验系数,建立方程,发展了东海赤潮高发海区的叶绿素a浓度反演半分析算法.由现场实测数据对算法进行检验,叶绿素a吸收系数a_ph(675)及浓度的反演结果误差基本在30%以内,其中浓度反演结果比较,均方根偏差为0.24,最大相对偏差为40.93%,平均相对偏差为18.83%,相关系数R²为0.83.从检验的结果来看,算法反演的精度较好,对于研究海区相对适用.     

虎纹蛙（RANA RUGULOSA）视网膜结构与环境适应性的研究

在光镜和电镜下观察了虎纹蛙（Rana rugulosa)视多膜的组织结构,着重探讨了色素细胞和视细胞的形态结构。视网膜中三个核层及两个网状层分布均匀,无中央凹。色素细胞内含有大量的脂滴、色素颗粒、髓样体和形状各异的溶酶体等。视细胞由视杆细胞和视锥细胞组成,视杆细胞占多数。在视网膜中央区,视杆细胞数与视锥细胞数之比为1：1;在周缘区,两者数量之比为3：1,视杆细胞外段呈高柱状,体积远远大于视锥细胞外段,肌样体内有大量的微管。视锥细胞外段呈矮锥形,椭圆体内有一球状小体。视细胞与节细胞数量之比为3．68：1。结果表明,虎纹蛙视网膜结构特征与其生活于田间、山涧等弱光环境和捕食习性是相适应的。图版1（图1－图10）表2参14     

黄枙子中枙子黄色素含量的测定及重金属安全性评价

为评价黄枙子的食用安全性,以提高黄枙子的综合开发利用,本研究对黄枙子中枙子黄色素和重金属的含量分别进行了测量.将黄枙子光波消煮,用紫外分光光度计测定其矿物质和枙子黄色素的含量,测试结果显示黄枙子中的矿物质和枙子黄色素含量丰富.本研究以砷为研究对象,进行急性经口毒性、大鼠精子畸形、大鼠骨髓细胞微核、180天喂养等安全性毒理学评价试验研究.试验结果表明:所测定的40批黄枙子样品中,其水溶出物中的砷、汞、镉含量分别为:w(汞)≤0.0153 ug/g、w(砷)≤0.0613 ug/g,w(镉)≤0.0167 ug/g,均极其微小;遗传毒性试验结果无显著相关性,180天喂养试验结果表明,在本试验剂量范围内无毒副作用.研究结果显示:黄枙子中的枙子黄色素含量丰富,且具有较好的食用安全性.     

掺氮碳量子点对光合细菌生长过程的影响

以柠檬酸为碳源、乙二胺为修饰剂,一步水热合成了掺氮碳量子点（N-CQDs）.通过分析光合色素、蛋白质和丙二醛等生理指标,研究了N-CQDs对光合细菌Rhodopseudomonas acidophila生长的影响.结果表明N-CQDs抑制了R.acidophila的生长并呈现浓度-效应关系;光合色素分析表明N-CQDs促使R.acidophila菌体的类胡萝卜素含量提高,菌绿素含量降低;光谱分析表明N-CQDs导致了胞内物质（如光合色素、蛋白质等）的泄漏.N-CQDs较强的光诱导电子转移能力导致R.acidophila培养体系中产生过量自由基,自由基引发一系列脂质过氧化反应,进而导致生物膜的破裂、物质外泄和细菌衰亡.光照下N-CQDs对R.acidophila表现出较高的毒性.研究结果对于认识N-CQDs的光致毒性及其生态环境效应具有一定的参考价值.     

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)对中肋骨条藻的毒性效应研究

为研究四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)对海洋微藻的毒性效应,本文设置五个不同浓度组(0、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg·L-1)进行中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)培养实验,在96 h内取样分析其光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化。结果表明,较低浓度组(1.0和5.0 mg·L-1)叶绿素a、叶绿素c和类胡萝卜素含量48 h之前被显著诱导,最大值出现在24 h;较高浓度组(10.0和20.0 mg·L-1)三种色素含量在48 h之前被显著抑制,24 h达最低值;72 h之后各浓度组均恢复到对照组水平。不同浓度TBBPA胁迫下,中肋骨条藻的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性和MDA含量一般被显著诱导,SOD活性和MDA含量在72 h和96 h时随TBBPA浓度升高而增加。虽然1.0 mg·L-1TBBPA对中肋骨条藻生长不具有可观测效应,但已影响到其生理生化指标。目前海水中TBBPA浓度较低,尚不会对中肋骨条藻产生毒性影响。     

海洋浮游藻类的化学分类法

综述了以色素分析为基础的海洋浮游藻类化学分类法的发过程，发现基础性数据缺乏和应用范围不够广阔是阻碍此项研究发展的主要问题。本文详细讨论了高效液相色谱（HPLC）藻类色素分析数据之数学解析技术的进展，对最近出现的分析软件（CHEMTAX）进行了重点介绍。最后，对海洋浮游藻化学分类法的发展趋势进行了分析预测。