不同栽杉代数根际土壤肥力及生物学特性变化

通过对位于南平溪后安曹下和邓窠２９ａ龄１代、２代、３代实生杉木的根际养分、微生物、酶及生化活性的为期２ａ的研究,结果表明：随杉木连栽代数增加,根际微域土壤酸化趋势增强,有机质和全氮沉积量下降,速效性养分亏缺程度减弱,根际土壤中三大类微生物所占的比例发生一定的变化,真菌和放线菌所占比例增加,细菌所占比例减少,生理类群数量下降,除接触酶活性变化不大外,其它土壤酶和生化活性均有明显下降,体现了杉木多代连栽根际土壤的基本特征;亦是杉木连栽导致地力衰退重要原因之一     

Assessing self-organization of plant communities—A thermodynamic approach

Thermodynamics is a powerful tool for the study of system development and has the potential to be applied to studies of ecological complexity. Here, we develop a set of thermodynamic indicators including energy capture and energy dissipation to quantify plant community self-organization. The study ecosystems included a tropical seasonal rainforest, an artificial tropical rainforest, a rubber plantation, and two Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson communities aged 13 years and 1 year. The communities represent a complexity transect from primary vegetation, to transitional community, economic plantation, and fallows and are typical for Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. The indicators of ecosystem self-organization are sensitive to plant community type and seasonality, and demonstrate that the tropical seasonal rainforest is highly self-organized and plays an important role in local environmental stability via the land surface thermal regulation. The rubber plantation is at a very low level of self-organization as quantified by the thermodynamic indicators, especially during the dry season. The expansion of the area of rubber plantation and shrinkage of tropical seasonal rainforest would likely induce local surface warming and a larger daily temperature range.     

Using historical ecology to reassess the conservation status of coniferous forests in Central Europe

Forests cover approximately one‐third of Central Europe. Oak (Quercus) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are considered the natural dominants at low and middle elevations, respectively. Many coniferous forests (especially of Picea abies) occur primarily at midelevations, but these are thought to have resulted from forestry plantations planted over the past 200 years. Nature conservation and forestry policy seek to promote broadleaved trees over conifers. However, there are discrepancies between conservation guidelines (included in Natura 2000) and historical and palaeoecological data with regard to the distribution of conifers. Our aim was to bring new evidence to the debate on the conservation of conifers versus broadleaved trees at midelevations in Central Europe. We created a vegetation and land‐cover model based on pollen data for a highland area of 11,300 km² in the Czech Republic and assessed tree species composition in the forests before the onset of modern forestry based on 18th‐century archival sources. Conifers dominated the study region throughout the entire Holocene (approximately 40–60% of the area). Broadleaved trees were present in a much smaller area than envisaged by current ideas of natural vegetation. Rather than casting doubt on the principles of Central European nature conservation in general, our results highlight the necessity of detailed regional investigations and the importance of historical data in challenging established notions on the natural distribution of tree species.     

A preliminary study on the characteristics of fogwater in the masson pine forest in Chongqing, China

The masson pine (Pinns massoniana Lamb.) forest of 2000 ha situated on Nanshan, the south bank of the Yangtze River near Chongqing, China. From 1982, some trees began to die. Since then, half of the trees have died and the whole forest is in danger. Prom November 1986 to January 1987, a study dealt with the characteristics of fogwater in that area was carried out, in order to explain the relationship between acid fog and masson pine decline. The results of our study showed that the acid fog might be responsible in part for the decline of the masson pine forest.     

重庆南山酸雨与马尾松衰亡的关系

1985—1986年对重庆南山马尾松林衰亡与酸雨的关系进行了研究。四个月的雨水监测表明南山酸雨况情严重。酸雨频率百分之百,平均pH4.2—4.4,最低pH3.6—4.0。土壤酸化程度较重(pH3.7—4.0)。土壤酸化的主要原因是酸雨的输入。濒死树针叶中锰和钴元素大为减少,与土壤中这两种元素的减少相对应。濒死树针叶中铝大量积累,土壤中活性铝增多和铝钙比增大。初步肯定酸雨是南山马尾松衰亡的重要原因之一。     

浅谈企业防污绿化

本世纪五十年代以来，对企业绿色赋有防污的要求，本文地防污绿化的概念及要求进行了论述，为工矿的绿化工作提供了科学依据。     

Genetic and Environmental Effects Assessment in Scots Pine Provenances Planted in Central Siberia

Scots pine provenance trials were established in 1964 in forest-steppe and in 1974 in southern taiga zones of Central Siberia from seeds collected over whole Russia. Tree-ring characteristics (radial growth and density chronologies) from 12 and 16 provenances planted in those plantations were measured densitometrically. Tree-ring analysis revealed a retention of a genetically fixed response to climatic factors proper to pines' origin. Trees from higher latitudes keep the orientation towards accelerated growth at the beginning of a growing season, which is followed by a rapid transition to formation of latewood cells and deceleration of growth earlier, than in medium-latitude trees. Main climatic factors controlling tree-rings formation differed slightly between different provenances within plantations. Genetically fixed ability of the provenances are not great (less than 15%), that proves high adaptability of pines to abrupt climatic change. Tree-ring formation of Scots pine provenances is mainly determined by the environmental factors.     

Shift in ectomycorrhizal community composition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling roots as a response to nickel deposition and removal of lichen cover

Scots pine seedlings were exposed to wet-deposited nickel (Ni) and removal of lichen cover in a dry heath Scots pine forest. Ni deposition affected the colonization of roots by indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in contrasting ways in intact and skimmed quadrats. Highest frequencies of tubercle morphotypes of ectomycorrhiza were found in quadrats exposed to 100 mg m⁻² year⁻¹ Ni in lichen covered treatment, while in skimmed quadrats these peaked after the treatment with 10 mg Ni m⁻² year⁻¹. Removal of the lichen layer increased the value of diversity index (H′) of ectomycorrhizal fungal community, probably due to the increase in the evenness of the morphotype distribution. Lichen removal seemed also to improve the condition of the short roots, as the frequencies of poor and senescent short roots were decreased by the removal.     

人工柳杉林碳蓄积量及土壤性质的动态变化

采用材积源生物量法和土壤剖面分析方法,研究了四川彭州栽植5、10、17、22、26a的人工柳杉林碳蓄积量及土壤性质的动态变化.结果表明,柳杉林分的碳蓄积量与林下土壤有机碳积累量随柳杉林龄的增长而增加,5、10、17、22、26a生人工柳杉林碳蓄积量分别是19.8、67.5、85.8、162、275t(C)hm-2,土壤有机碳含量在5、10、17、22、26年分别为14.7、18.4、25.3、37.1、41.4gkg-1,比农地分别增加了18.5%、48.4%、104%、199%、234%,土壤全N含量分别为1.22、1.31、1.64、2.03、2.12gkg-1,比农地分别增加了7.02%、14.91%、43.86%、78.07%、85.96%,土壤容重分别为1.48、1.42、1.36、1.31、1.28gcm-3,比农地分别降低了3.90%、7.79%、11.7%、14.9%、16.9%,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度也都显著增高,说明栽植柳杉后随着土壤有机质的增加,土壤肥力逐步提高,土壤孔隙状况也逐渐好转,从而增加了土壤保水抗旱能力.5、10、17、22、26a生的柳杉林地土壤蓄水量分别为341、391、412、462、493thm-2,比农地分别增加了14.8%、31.6%、38.7%、55.6%、66.0%.这些结果显示,人工柳杉林具有庞大的碳库,可缓解大气CO2上升,而且可促进土壤肥力,改善生态环境.