Sensitivity of the Structural Characteristics of Tree Rings to Climatic Changes in Different Climatypes of Scotch Pine

Radial increment and tree-ring structure were studied in the progenies of 16 climatypes growing in the southern taiga subzone. The coefficients of correlation between tree-ring parameters of the local and other climatypes were as high as 0.7–0.9, and the synchronism coefficients were higher than 0.7. Climatypes of northern origin were an exception. The sensitivity of the parameters of the tree-ring late wood decreased with an increase in the latitude at which the seeds for establishing the cultures were collected. Estimation of Euclidean distances in the space of tree-ring parameters showed that the northern climatypes differed from the southern taiga types by no more than 15%. The climatypes from the middle taiga and the forest–steppe exhibited smaller differences (10–11%).     

太岳山不同林龄人工油松林土壤微生物特征

油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carr.）具有保土保肥和改善水土流失的作用,是黄土高原地区植被恢复中广泛使用的树种.为了探究土壤微生物多样性和群落结构对人工油松林演替的响应及其环境因子驱动机制,以太岳山脉潘家山10、20和30 a人工油松林土壤为研究对象,基于野外采样、室内理化分析和高通量测序等手段,分析不同林龄表层和亚表层土壤微生物群落结构、多样性及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系.结果表明：(1)30 a的人工油松林演替显著改变了土壤养分状况. SOM、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、AP和AK均随演替的进行显著升高;TP和TK含量随演替年限逐渐降低.(2)不同林龄油松林土壤真菌的优势门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢菌门,细菌的优势门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门.(3)油松林土壤微生物中细菌占绝对优势,真菌和细菌拷贝数随林龄增加均显著增加,30 a油松林土壤真菌拷贝数和细菌拷贝数分别是10 a油松林的6.61倍和2.55倍.(4)随着林龄增加,土壤真菌多样性显著下降.属水平上,子囊菌门中青霉菌属相对丰度大幅下降,达21.07%,担子菌门中红菇属相对丰度...     

太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对抚育强度的响应

为了解不同抚育强度下土壤呼吸速率的差异及土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响,利用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统测定山西太岳山油松人工林不同强度抚育后土壤呼吸速率,同时测量土壤表层10 cm处的温度和湿度.4块油松人工林样地的抚育强度分别为20%、30%、40%和50%,对4块抚育样地及1块对照样地进行3种处理:切根去凋、去凋和对照.结果表明:切根去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率无显著差异(P>0.05);去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为20%、30%和40%样地6、7月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01);对照处理条件下,抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为30%和40%样地6、7、8月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01).土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率显著相关(P<0.01),且共同解释了土壤呼吸速率变化的30%～74%,是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的重要环境因子.     

红花尔基樟子松林的防火对策研究

分析了红花尔基樟子松林带的自然环境、林火特点和森林防火现状,对该林区的林火预防和扑救工作提出了建议。     

广西喀斯特和红壤地区桉树人工林土壤理化性质对比研究

喀斯特地区种植桉林是恢复和改善岩溶地区生态环境及推进脱贫致富的重要措施,但其生态环境影响也是广泛关注的科学问题。选择广西桂林、扶绥两处地点,对比分析了红壤和喀斯特土壤种植桉树对土壤结构和土壤养分的影响,结果表明：（1）喀斯特地区桉林土壤容重略大于红壤、毛管孔隙度不发达,非毛管孔隙度较发达,总孔隙度小于红壤;（2）喀斯特地区桉林土壤非毛管含水量显著低于红壤,但饱和含水量基本相当;（3）喀斯特桉林土壤的全量养分多高于红壤,而一些速效养分低于红壤,尤其是钾的含量显著偏低;（4）喀斯特桉林土壤的pH值和有机质含量高于红壤。研究表明喀斯特地区种植桉树人工林并未引起土壤结构的破坏和土壤养分含量的显著降低,相反在某些方面喀斯特地区种植桉树相对于红壤还有其优势。最后,结合研究结论,该文还就喀斯特地区和红壤地区桉树人工林管理提出了一些针对性建议。     

人工油松林不同生长阶段深层土壤有机碳和活性碳的差异及其影响因素

研究深层土壤碳库动态对了解陆地生态系统深层碳汇潜力、应对全球CO₂升高具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵区人工油松林为研究对象,以撂荒地为参照,分析了不同生长阶段的人工油松林地0~200 cm土层土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）和活性有机碳（readily oxidizable carbon,ROC）动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：在0~200 cm剖面上,不同生长阶段油松林SOC含量及储量较撂荒地显著提高。浅层（0~100 cm）SOC平均含量,成熟林为撂荒地的2.03倍,提高最大;其次是中龄林,为1.85倍;最后是幼龄林,为1.59倍。深层（100~200 cm）SOC平均含量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林分别较撂荒地提高了1.43、1.38和1.36倍。各生长阶段油松林浅层和深层SOC储量分别占0~200 cm SOC储量的61.0%~69.8%和30.2%~39.0%,不同生长阶段间浅层SOC储量差异显著,但深层SOC储量差异不大。浅层ROC储量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林依次提高了54.8%、82.0%和91.6%;深层ROC储量依次提高了32.4%、40.9%和58.1%,且深层储量占0~200 cm土层的31.2%~33.3%。不仅浅层SOC和ROC含量受多个因素的影响,而且深层ROC含量也与油松高度、根系生物量以及枯落物厚度、干重呈极显著正相关。因此,人工林建设不仅显著提高浅层SOC和ROC含量,而且对深层土壤的固碳能力有一定改善。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤碳库稳定性研究

森林土壤有机碳在全球碳循环中的重要作用主要取决于有机碳的稳定性。为科学评价杉木人工林土壤的碳汇功能及固碳潜力,对湖南省会同县不同发育阶段的杉木人工林土壤有机碳的生化特征和物理保护程度进行了研究。结果表明,在杉木人工林发育过程中,土壤总有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、活性碳库Ⅰ(LPⅠ)、活性碳库Ⅱ(LPⅡ)和重组有机碳(HOC)含量以及微生物熵(MQ)均在中龄林阶段出现最低值,而轻组有机碳(LOC)和顽固性组分(RF)随林龄增加呈现持续上升趋势。土壤RF占SOC的比例(顽固性碳指数,Ir,C)则表现为先增加后减少,即在中龄林阶段比例最高,在成熟林阶段为41.9%~57.6%,高于幼龄林阶段的38.7%~43.0%;HOC占SOC的比例从幼龄林阶段的86.4%~87.5%下降到成熟林阶段的82.5%~83.9%。总体而言,杉木人工林的发育过程是土壤有机碳积累的过程,在这个过程中,土壤有机碳自身的顽固性增强,但受到的物理保护程度减弱。此外,各组分中以LP I对土壤微生物的有效性最高。     

松针资源开发利用-绿色素制备

本研究以松针为原料,经过一系列物理、化学过程制得天然含锌绿色素--叶绿素锌钠,测定了叶绿素锌钠盐的质量指标、吸光度、耐热性、耐光性,并对叶绿素和叶绿素锌钠的稳定性进行了比较研究.     

Atmospheric concentrations of nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, particulate nitrate and particulate sulfate, and estimation of their dry deposition on the urban- and mountain-facing sides of Mt. Gokurakuji, Western Japan

Atmospheric concentrations of nitric acid (HNO₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulate nitrate and particulate sulfate on the urban- and mountain-facing sides of Mt. Gokurakuji were measured from November 2002 to October 2003, in order to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activity on air quality and dry deposited nitrate and sulfate on the surfaces of pine foliage. The results showed that HNO₃, SO₂ and concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the urban-facing side (1.54, 2.48 and 0.65 μg m⁻³, respectively) than the mountain-facing side (0.67, 1.19 and 0.37 μg m⁻³, respectively), while concentrations did not differ significantly between the two sides (urban-facing: 2.80 μg m⁻³; mountain−facing: 2.05 μg m⁻³). Indirect estimates of dry deposition rates of nitrate and sulfate to the surfaces of pine foliage based on the measured concentrations approximately agreed with the measured values determined by the foliar rinsing technique in a previous study. It was found that HNO₃ was the major source (approximately 80%) of dry deposited nitrate on pine foliage, while the contribution from was about equal to that from SO₂. In conclusion, HNO₃ and SO₂ appear to be dominant species reflecting higher dry deposition rates of nitrate and sulfate on the urban-facing side compared to the mountain-facing side of Mt. Gokurakuji.     

Effect of increased ambient temperature on the growth rate of young pine forests in the impact zone of a petroleum gas flare

The effect of increased ambient temperature on the vertical, radial, and volume increments of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees has been studied in the zone of thermal impact from a burning petroleum gas flare. Regular age-dependent changes in the pattern of increment dependence on the distance from the flare and ambient temperature have been revealed. The mechanisms of these changes are explained. It is concluded that an increase in ambient temperature by 1.0–1.5° C has a favorable effect on the dynamics of Scots pine growth.