松针资源开发利用-绿色素制备

本研究以松针为原料,经过一系列物理、化学过程制得天然含锌绿色素--叶绿素锌钠,测定了叶绿素锌钠盐的质量指标、吸光度、耐热性、耐光性,并对叶绿素和叶绿素锌钠的稳定性进行了比较研究.     

脱水污泥/松木锯末水蒸气共气化研究

以城市污水处理厂机械脱水后的污泥(含水率约为80％)和松木锯末的混合物为原料,进行了共气化制取富氢燃气的研究.同时,采用热重分析(TGA)研究了混合样品的热失重特性,并在固定床反应器上考察了不同掺混比对燃气成分、燃气产量和碳转化率的影响.TGA结果表明,随着锯末掺混比的增加,样品的失重量、最大失重率及挥发分析出特性指数增大.在固定床反应器中,脱水污泥中的水分在高温条件下形成蒸气气氛,与产生的半焦发生了蒸气气化反应.实验结果表明,最佳掺混比为40％ ～ 60％,此时氢气含量、燃气产量、碳转化率分别为40％、0.70 m3· kg-1、64.1％.此外,借助BET和SEM对残余半焦的比表面积及表面形貌特征进行了分析.     

重庆铁山坪马尾松林土壤汞排放特征的现场测试

为了研究大气汞浓度较高地区的森林土壤的汞排放特征,选取重庆铁山坪马尾松林为研究对象,应用动态通量箱与汞分析仪联用的方法,于2012年9月~2013年7月间对土壤-大气汞交换通量进行了4个季度的现场观测,并考察了辐射强度、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度和土壤湿度等环境因子与大气汞浓度对汞交换通量的影响.结果表明,土壤-大气汞交换通量存在明显的季节差异,夏季汞排放量为35.3 ng·(m2·d)-1,而其他季节很小,甚至在冬春两季土壤转为大气的汞汇.汞交换通量除了受辐射强度和大气/土壤温度的影响较大之外,还与大气汞浓度呈线性负相关,白天的平衡点为5.61 ng·m-3.重庆铁山坪马尾松林土壤的汞排放量为2.65μg·(m2·a)-1,较高的大气汞浓度是该值远低于较清洁地区同类森林的重要原因.     

松果采摘对小兴安岭主要林型红松土壤种子库和幼苗库的影响

为了探讨人为采摘松果对小兴安岭主要林型红松(Pinus koraiensis)土壤种子库和幼苗库的影响,选择阔叶红松林以及与阔叶红松林相邻的红松人工林、落叶松(Larix gmelini)人工林、白桦(Betula platyphylla)林和云冷杉林,各设置10 m×240 m的样带,调查了红松土壤种子库和幼苗库。主要结果如下:①主要林型间红松土壤种子库数量具有明显的差异,阔叶红松林最多,落叶松人工林次之,白桦林最少;②鼠类取食过或被破坏等动物侵害的种子占81.9%～90.4%,完好种子只有在阔叶红松林和落叶松人工林中发现,分别为4.3%和4.9%;③红松种子主要分布在0～10 cm层中(71.4%～91.3%);④红松幼苗库的密度云冷杉林最高(1 613株.hm-2),红松人工林最低(167株.hm-2),其中阔叶红松林(296株.hm-2)和白桦林(854株.hm-2)的幼苗密度分别为采摘前的1/68～1/9和1/9～1/4.5;⑤从龄级分布上看,松果采摘前阔叶红松林低龄级幼苗的数量较多,随着龄级的增大明显减少,呈倒J型分布;白桦林各龄级幼苗密度相差不大。人为采摘松果后,阔叶红松林各龄级间密度相差不大;白桦林呈倒J型分布。     

北京地区松叶中有机卤素污染物的研究

利用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定了北京市不同“功能区”松叶中可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)的含量,结果表明,化工工业区松叶中可萃取有机氯(EOCl)含量高达40mg/g(干重),钢铁工业区的松叶含量最低(12mg/g).松叶中EOCl、可萃取有机溴(EOBr)、碘(EOI)含量顺序为EOCl>>EOBr>EOI, EOCl在总EOX中占到了97%以上.在EOCl中,有机氯农药仅占0.2%～1.9%,松叶中绝大多数EOCl为未知的.4个城市“功能区”中EOCl含量顺序为化工工业区>交通枢纽地带>居民区>钢铁工业区.城区大气中有机氯污染物主要来自化学工业和交通污染.城区松叶中EOCl的含量远高于偏远山区的样品,但两地样品中EOBr、EOI的含量无显著差异.     

青藏高原东缘不同林龄云杉林冬季土壤呼吸特征

采用动态密闭气室红外CO_2 分析法(IRGA),连续定位测定青藏高原东部4种不同恢复阶段的人工云杉林和原始云杉林在冬季(2007.11.01～2008.03.31)的土壤呼吸.用挖壕沟法同步区分土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,并同步测定土壤5 cm温度和水分结果表明,土壤5 cm温度与冬季土壤呼吸速率具有显著的正指数相关关系,土壤含水量与冬季土壤呼吸的相关性不明显.亚高山针叶林冬季土壤呼吸温度系数Q_(10) 值为3.180 3～6.546 9,不同年龄阶段针叶林的Q_(10)值大小依次为:35 a人工云杉林>47 a人工云杉林>65 a人工云杉林>22 a人工云杉林>原始云杉林.22 a、35 a、47 a、65 aA工云杉林和原始云杉林冬季土壤总呼吸碳释放通量别为200.16、196.23、166.71、228.47、261.75 g(C)m~2,随着森林恢复更新,冬季土壤呼吸通量呈现出先下降后升高的趋势,这种变化趋势的拐点出现在47 a人工林附近.温度是影响土壤自养呼吸贡献率和异养呼吸贡献率的主要因子,温度与异养呼吸贡献率成负相关.22 a、35 a、47 a、65a人工云杉林和原始云杉林冬季土壤的自养呼吸和异养呼吸碳释放通量平均值分别为133.44、134.04、115.97、166.05、199.07 g(C)m~(-2)和66.71、62.20、50.73、62.43、62.68 g(C)m~(-2).图7表3参34     

不同基质对马尾松容器苗及其菌根的影响

以10种培养基质，对马尾松进行容器育苗研究．结果表明：以竹叶为基本材料配制基质，比纯黄心主基质培育的马尾松百日苗，干物质重增加对2％；与蛭石基质相比，增加43.9％；与松树皮基质相比，增加25.0％以松针为基本材料配制的基质效果近似于竹叶．两者对苗木生长的影响，与各处理相比较，均达到了极显著水平．培养基质理化性质与苗木生物量相关的矩阵分析表明，容器基质的客重和孔隙度对苗木生长影响最大;基质内有效养分含量，特别是磷含量的多少很重要．竹叶和松针作为基质，表现了良好的理化性质，促进了马尾松苗木早期菌极化，百日苗面根感染率分别比黄心土基质的百日苗提高12.9％和17.0％同时加快了苗木生长．     

典范相关分析在桉树人工林地土壤酶活性与营养元素关系研究中的应用

运用典范相关分析（canonical correlation analysis)对桉树人工林地土壤酶活性和土壤营养元素含量关系的研究表明,土壤过氧化氢酶,脲酶和蛋白酶活性与土壤营养元素N,P,K含量关系最大,其中地氧化氢酶与桉树土壤K听转化,K的固定关系密切,对土壤中主要营养物质N素的转化具有重要作用,脲酶的活性同桉树土壤N,P的转化关系密切,蛋白酶促进土壤对植物氮源的供给,而转化酶与P的转化也有一定相关,Zn在一定程度上对转化酶有正效庆,即有促进作用。结合林地生物的生长特征等因子,“综合土壤酶因子”可作为土壤肥力评价的一个生物学指标。图2表4参16     

Slow recovery of tropical old‐field rainforest regrowth and the value and limitations of active restoration

There is current debate about the potential for secondary regrowth to rescue tropical forests from an otherwise inevitable cascade of biodiversity loss due to land clearing and scant evidence to test how well active restoration may accelerate recovery. We used site chronosequences to compare developmental trajectories of vegetation between self‐organized (i.e., spontaneous) forest regrowth and biodiversity plantings (established for ecological restoration, with many locally native tree species at high density) in the Australian wet tropics uplands. Across 28 regrowth sites aged 1–59 years, some structural attributes reached reference rainforest levels within 40 years, whereas wood volume and most tested components of native plant species richness (classified by species’ origins, family, and ecological functions) reached less than 50% of reference rainforest values. Development of native tree and shrub richness was particularly slow among species that were wind dispersed or animal dispersed with large (>10 mm) seeds. Many species with animal‐dispersed seeds were from near‐basal evolutionary lineages that contribute to recognized World Heritage values of the study region. Faster recovery was recorded in 25 biodiversity plantings of 1–25 years in which wood volume developed more rapidly; native woody plant species richness reached values similar to reference rainforest and was better represented across all dispersal modes; and species from near‐basal plant families were better (although incompletely) represented. Plantings and regrowth showed slow recovery in species richness of vines and epiphytes and in overall resemblance to forest in species composition. Our results can inform decision making about when and where to invest in active restoration and provide strong evidence that protecting old‐growth forest is crucially important for sustaining tropical biodiversity.     

Effects of landscape transformation on bird colonization and extinction patterns in a large‐scale,long‐term natural experiment

Conversion of agricultural land to forest plantations is a major driver of global change. Studies on the impact of forest plantations on biodiversity in plantations and in the surrounding native vegetation have been inconclusive. Consequently, it is not known how to best manage the extensive areas of the planet currently covered by plantations. We used a novel, long‐term (16 years) and large‐scale (30,000 ha) landscape transformation natural experiment (the Nanangroe experiment, Australia) to test the effects of land conversion on population dynamics of 64 bird species associated with woodland and forest. A unique aspect of our study is that we focused on the effects of plantations on birds in habitat patches within plantations. Our study design included 56 treatment sites (Eucalyptus patches where the surrounding matrix was converted from grazed land to pine plantations), 55 control sites (Eucalyptus patches surrounded by grazed land), and 20 matrix sites (sites within the pine plantations and grazed land). Bird populations were studied through point counts, and colonization and extinction patterns were inferred through multiple season occupancy models. Large‐scale pine plantation establishment affected the colonization or extinction patterns of 89% of studied species and thus led to a comprehensive turnover in bird communities inhabiting Eucalyptus patches embedded within the maturing plantations. Smaller bodied species appeared to respond positively to plantations (i.e., colonization increased and extirpation of these species decreased in patches surrounded by plantations) because they were able to use the newly created surrounding matrix. We found that the effects of forest plantations affected the majority of the bird community, and we believe these effects could lead to the artificial selection of one group of species at the expense of another.