不同植茶年限土壤氮素组分变化及其与环境因子关系

茶园土壤氮素组分变化影响茶园土壤供氮能力和氮素循环.以植茶30、50和70 a的茶园土壤为研究对象,探讨不同植茶年限土壤氮素组分变化特征及其与理化性质和酶活性之间的关系.结果表明：①随着植茶年限的增加,粉粒、全磷、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增加,砂粒、黏粒、pH、电导率、有机碳和蔗糖酶活性逐渐降低,碱性磷酸酶活性先增加后降低,土壤含水量和酸性磷酸酶活性无显著变化.②随着植茶年限的增加,酸解性铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和硝态氮含量显著增加,且茶园土壤全氮、酸解性铵态氮、未知态氮和非酸解氮含量显著高于林地.③全磷、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶是土壤氮素组分变化的主要影响因子.其中,有机氮组分与全磷、碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著相关性,无机氮组分与碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著相关性,全氮与砂粒、粉粒、全磷、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性具有极显著的相关性.     

Remote Assessment of Forest Health in Southern Arizona, USA: Evidence for Ozone-Induced Foliar Injury

This paper examines possible ozone-induced foliar injury to ponderosa pine areas in the Rincon Mountains of southern Arizona from 1972 to 1992. Spatiotemporal differences in a satellite-derived vegetation index (VI) are examined with respect to antecedent moisture conditions, temporal variations in ozone exposure levels, and measured foliar injury values from 1985. Seasonal ozone exposure levels (SUM60 and W126) increased from 1982 to 1998 and were significantly correlated (r = 0.49 and 0.53, α= 0.05) with annual population totals in the Tucson area. Extensive masking of satellite images from 1972, 1986, and 1992 resulted in two optimal change detection areas, with one site, TVWMica, exposed mostly to the Tucson air pollution plume, while the other site, EMica, was more protected from Tucson-derived pollution. An overall increase in VI from 1972 to 1992 at both sites appears to have been caused by an increase in moisture availability. Larger foliar injury values in 1985 were associated with a smaller increase in VI (i.e., a smaller increase in green leaf biomass) from 1972 to 1986. From 1972 to 1986 and from 1986 to 1992, VI values at TV/WMica increased at a slower rate compared to those at EMica. The reduced increase in “green-up” may have been caused partially by ozone-induced foliar injury and resulting decreases in green leaf biomass. However, these spatial differences in VI values may have also been caused by a number of other factors. Results nevertheless reveal the strong possibility of distinct, topographically based, spatial variations in ozone-induced foliar injury within the Rincons.     

如何在红松母树林内实施计划烧除

林口林业局通过对红松母树林下的细小可燃物进行计划烧除实验,证明这种方法不但是预防森林火灾、保护红松母树林安全的有效措施,而且还可消除森林病害虫和增加林木生长量。     

Ecological Variation in the Morphological Structure of the Crown in Siberian Stone Pine at the Timberline

The structure of the crown and branching; the growth, development, and ontogeny of branches; and organogenesis and growth of female shoots in the model Siberian stone pine trees were studied in four types of habitats at the timberline in the central Altai Mountains (1700–2170 m a.s.l.). The results provided evidence that the ecological forms of trees appear due to changes in the pattern of branching as well as to the decreased rate of vegetative (primarily apical) growth. The diameter of the shoot pith is one of the most variable characters reflecting the deterioration of environmental conditions at higher elevations.     

“三北”地区沙棘种植地带划分与对策

中国“三北”地区不同生态气候地带,需要布设不同适宜性的沙棘品种,并严格按照适地适树的原则,因地制宜,方能达到预期的生态经济效果。“三北”沙棘种植地区,主要包括黄土高原南部半湿润森林草原气候生态经济型沙棘种植地带、黄土高原中部半干旱草原气候生态经济型沙棘种植地带、黄土高原北部干旱荒漠草原气候生态型沙棘种植地带、冀北辽西半干旱半湿润草原气候生态经济型沙棘种植地带、东北北部冷湿草原气候经济型沙棘种植地带(简称“五带”)。每一地带基本上都有各自适宜的自然种源区及良种繁育中心(基地、站、点)。沙棘“五带”种植地带划分方案的实质,是防止引种工作中的一窝蜂现象,实现科学规划,精心种植。在保证沙棘引种区域化的前提下,要注意培育沙棘优良品种、防止病虫害蔓延和通过产品打入国际市场来拉动国内沙棘种植的步伐。     

CeCl3和CeO2对松木屑的催化热解作用研究

以松木屑为研究对象,分别负载CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂,制备松木屑原位催化热解原料,探究不同添加比例的CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂在不同热解温度下对松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分的影响。结果表明:在CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂的催化作用下均能使热解气和焦炭产率增加、焦油产率减小,且随着两种催化剂添加比例的增加,松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分均有所变化;在650℃的热解温度下,与无催化剂相比,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦油产率降低至53.05%,下降了11.70%,当CeCl₃添加比为7.5%时热解气产率达到最大值18.58%,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率为26.85%,增加了7.48%,热解气H₂和CO₂组分的百分比含量显著增加;当CeO₂添加比为7.5%时焦油产率达到最小值59.95%,下降了4.80%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时热解气产率增加了2.39%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率相对较大值为21.66%,增加了2.29%,各热解气组分的百分比含量变化较小;在原位催化热解中,CeCl₃催化剂的催化效果优于CeO₂催化剂。     

不同母岩区马尾松人工林土壤酶活性及微生物学性质研究

红壤丘陵区马尾松人工林对土壤性质有重要影响。研究马尾松长期种植对该区主要母岩（花岗岩、第四纪红黏土和红砂岩）发育土壤酶活性及微生物学性质的影响。微生物性质结果显示,土壤微生物生物量碳氮在花岗岩区较高,但有机碳在第四纪红黏土区矿化相对强烈;0～20 cm土层,花岗岩区和红砂岩区土壤有机碳相对趋向累积,而20～40 cm土层,第四纪红黏土区土壤有机碳相对累积;花岗岩区林地土壤微生物群落相对稳定,且0～20 cm层土壤微生物群落真菌较多。转化酶活性和脲酶活性在花岗岩和第四纪红黏土区较高;酸性磷酸酶活性在第四纪红黏土区显著较高;各母岩区土壤多酚氧化酶活性无显著性差异;过氧化氢酶活性在花岗岩区显著较高;因此,在马尾松与土壤长期作用下,花岗岩区土壤微生物群落稳定性,生化强度较高,相对适宜马尾松林种植。     

Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.     

Changes in Species Diversity of Rove Beetles (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae) Depending on the Age of Pine Plantations in Central Belarus

Trends of changes in species richness and dominance in staphylinid communities depending on the age of pine plantations have been analyzed. The species richness of these communities is high in the plantations of age classes 1 and 2 (11 and 28 years, respectively) but decreases in the plantations of age class 3 (60 years). The highest and lowest indices of species diversity are observed in the plantations of age classes 2 and 3, respectively. Four groups of rove beetles have been distinguished by the criterion of their dominance in pine plantations of different ages.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 306–313.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Derunkov.     

Variation in the Anatomical Characters of Needles and Their Resistance to Technogenic and Climatic Stress in Scotch Pine

Russian Journal of Ecology -