关于计划生育法制建设的思考

社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善，给计划生育工作带来了一系列的新情况、新问题。因此，把计划生育工作纳入法制的轨道显得尤为重要。本文分析了我国计划生育工作靠行政约束的局限性；总结了市场经济体制下，计划生育工作面临的新特点；阐述了加强计划生育法制建设的紧迫性和可行性；并提出了计划生育立法的基本思路     

SUSTAINABILITY AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND MUNICIPAL TAX INCENTIVE MODEL

The implementation of sustainable development may seem a simple concept when written on paper. However to carry-out long term actions put forward by the Agenda 21 (AG21) at the local level represents one of the main challenges as municipal governments in general do not have the capacity to effectively implement the process. Regional environmental assessment (REA) has shown to be effective in supporting decision-making not only to correct environmental problems due to past unsustainable social-economic developments but also help local governments to implement sustainable actions. However this requires long-term investments of AG21 plans and projects. The allocation of regular and consistent financial resources is one of the main ingredients for the sustainable development process. But traditional plans and projects financed by national and/or international funds may not be sustainable in the long-term because they become dependent on external funding. Research demonstrate that innovative economic instruments such as ecotaxes represent a feasible alternative to sponsor local sustainability because taxes are collected permanently by the government and could be invested in continuous actions. Ecotaxes experiences have provided important reference to structure a municipal incentive model (MIM) to sponsor AG21’s environmental plans and projects on a long-term (permanent) basis. However sustainable development cannot be solely through economic investments. A comprehensive municipal environmental management scheme (MEMS) has been established to support the incentive model. The scheme seeks not only to improve local institutional framework but also incentive continuous participation of local stakeholders at all levels of society. Participatory events and the provision of incentives (educational and financial) are key to motivate society to protect the environment and support actively the sustainable development process as emphasised in the RIO-92 Conference.     

服务于城市旅游形象的景观规划--以南京市为例

分析了城市旅游形象与城市景观之间的关系,即城市旅游形象的塑造离不开城市景观的规划建设,城市景观的优化有助于提高城市旅游形象;提出服务于城市旅游形象的景观规划理念和原则。规划理念为体现城市旅游形象,显现城市三脉,提供城市旅游活动空间,创造城市旅游生态环境;规划原则以理念形象为核心,人地协调性、主题性与市场性相结合,特色性与风格统一性相结合。并对服务于城市旅游形象的景观规划结构要素和组成要素进行了研究,结构要素分为城市景观整体结构、特色城市景观带（区）和城市景观视觉识别系统;组成要素可分为硬质景观要素和软质景观要素。最后以南京市为例进行案例研究。     

“时—空—人”交互视角下的国土空间公共安全规划体系构建

公共安全事件是特定情境下“时—空—人”多要素交互作用时空过程的结果,国土空间公共安全规划和相应的能力建设是应对公共安全事件长期而重要的抓手。在构建公共安全规划中“时—空—人”互动的研究框架基础上,分别对“预防、预警、应急、灾后”四个阶段的相关研究和工作重点进行审视,并在此基础上构建国土空间公共安全规划的内容、技术方法和保障支撑体系。首先,在内容体系方面,与国土空间规划的全国—省—市—县—镇等多层级规划编制体系和全国一盘棋的应急响应机制相适应,开展综合规划与专项规划编制,重点解决面向应对自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等方面的空间、设施、应急等方面的规划和管理问题;在技术方法体系方面,构建和完善公共安全事件的时空要素识别与分析、时空过程模拟与预警分析等方法和技术支撑体系;在保障支撑体系方面,基于时空大数据的新基建建设,构建和完善时空可达的公共安全设施体系和公共安全导向下的社会治理体系。     

从安全防灾到韧性建设——国土空间治理背景下韧性规划的探索与展望

新形势下城市巨系统面临更多不确定性风险与未知扰动,要求安全防灾规划从目标对象、战略定位、技术手段与规划理念等方面做出适应调整,通过韧性城市建设引领区域安全稳定发展。对韧性城市的概念起源、理论发展与实践探索进行了梳理和评述,并结合我国“多规合一”后的国土空间规划体系改革,对空间治理背景下韧性规划的内涵特征、层级类型、流程形式与公共治理进行认识与思考;并从深化韧性城市的理论构建与机理研究、转变规划编制的设计思路和实践流程、完善韧性实践中的规划传导和尺度治理、关注韧性建设中的基层治理和公众参与四个方面,提出韧性规划的实践路径展望,力求有序推进我国城市公共安全现代化治理建设。     

基于红色旅游的国土空间规划层级传导与冲突协调研究

以跨行政区域线状分布且多与自然资源相伴而生的红色旅游资源为切入点,针对区域红色旅游与国土空间规划拟合错位、红色旅游与三条控制线相互交织等问题,围绕国土空间规划层级传导和冲突协调展开探讨：以纵横传导双向引擎的方式构建分层次有传导的红色旅游空间体系,从而打破红色旅游区域协调和用地管制的问题;科学合理地协调红色旅游与三条控制线的冲突,当红色旅游与生态保护红线和永久基本农田红线冲突时应强调在保护中发展,在城镇开发边界内的红色文化资源应强调在发展中保护。本文旨在为红色旅游在国土空间规划体系下探索一条高质量发展路径,同时提高国土空间规划编制和三条控制线划定的科学性和可操作性。     

港口规划环境影响评价指标体系的研究

介绍了规划环境影响评价的发展及应用,根据规划环境影响评价及港口规划的特点,对港口规划环境影响评价的内容、技术路线和指标体系的建立进行了研究,并提出港口规划的环境目标和评价指标,为我国港口规划环境影响评价技术的完善提供借鉴。     

铁路隧道弃渣的本地资源化利用

针对某大型铁路建设过程中产生大量弃渣以及建设过程中建材短缺的问题,以其典型段为例,对沿线弃渣的数量、性态等方面进行了分析,并进行了针对性规划,给出了具体的隧道弃渣利用方向和调配规划。结果表明,该段隧道产生的弃渣绝大部分都可符合相关工程的利用要求,在对典型段隧道所产生的弃渣经过合理规划后,该段弃渣的利用率理论上可达100.00%。在国内目前常规的隧道弃渣利用方式基础上,针对铁路工程,基于工程建筑材料、地方产业对隧道弃渣资源化利用进行统筹分析,提出了以隧道利用为主、其他工程利用为辅,兼顾地方产业利用的多层级隧道弃渣利用模式。本研究可为保障该大型铁路绿色环保工程提供参考。     

Transforming urban planning processes and outcomes through creative methods

Inclusively delivering the sustainable development goals (SDGs) remains challenging, particularly in urban areas, where some of the most pressing concerns exist. To achieve the transformative SDG agenda, new methods are required to overcome current deficits in engagement around inclusion and equitable outcomes. Evaluating against theories of governance and inclusion, we test a mixture of digital and physical creative methods abilities to deliver co-designed solutions that influence mobility and road safety planning outcomes in East African cities. Greater inclusion led to improved interactions of citizens with decision makers, and the identification of novel, practical solutions, delivering some elements of transformation. Risks include creative methods being used to co-opt communities to official agendas, and institutional planning norms needing to adapt to respond to a wider range of stakeholders. Overall, where risks are mitigated, we recommend that using Creative Methods could localise SDG delivery, ensuring more equitable and effective outcomes from infrastructure development investments.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01436-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Planning nature-based solutions: Principles,steps, and insights

Nature-based solutions (NBS) find increasing attention as actions to address societal challenges through harnessing ecological processes, yet knowledge gaps exist regarding approaches to landscape planning with NBS. This paper aims to provide suggestions of how planning NBS can be conceptualized and applied in practice. We develop a framework for planning NBS by merging insights from literature and a case study in the Lahn river landscape, Germany. Our framework relates to three key criteria that define NBS, and consists of six steps of planning: Co-define setting, Understand challenges, Create visions and scenarios, Assess potential impacts, Develop solution strategies, and Realize and monitor. Its implementation is guided by five principles, namely Place-specificity, Evidence base, Integration, Equity, and Transdisciplinarity. Drawing on the empirical insights from the case study, we suggest suitable methods and a checklist of supportive procedures for applying the framework in practice. Taken together, our framework can facilitate planning NBS and provides further steps towards mainstreaming.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01365-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.