基于生产和消费视角的辽宁省行业能源消费碳排放

行业能源消费碳排放核算是碳减排政策制订的基础,从消费视角进行行业碳排放研究日趋重要. 基于经济投入产出生命周期评价模型,从生产和消费视角解析了辽宁省2007年行业能源消费碳排放分布规律. 结果表明:生产视角碳排放量行业集中度高,该视角碳排放总量的78.73%集中在电力、热力的生产和供应业,金属冶炼及压延加工业,非金属矿物制品业以及交通运输、仓储及邮政业;为其他行业提供产品和服务是造成行业生产端碳排放的主要原因;消费视角下行业碳排放总量的53.79%集中在金属冶炼及压延加工业,建筑业,电力、热力的生产和供应业以及其他行业;上游供应行业的间接碳排放是造成消费端排放的主体.从碳排放强度来看,生产视角下各行业碳排放强度差异性较大,电力、热力的生产和供应业的碳排放强度最大,为9.17 t/万元;消费视角下行业之间的碳排放强度差异性较小,均低于3 t/万元. 最后针对不同视角下分析结果的差异性提出了相应对策的侧重点.      

基于浮游生物群落变化的生态学基准值计算方法初探

基于浮游生物群落对环境压力变化的响应,参照美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)颁布的生物学基准计算方法,结合理化因子,采用综合指数法计算了我国太湖流域和辽河流域的生态学基准值.计算框架为:①确定流域水环境生态学基准参照点和生态学基准指标;②作出参照点各基准指标box分布图并进行评分;③将各生态学基准指标得分等权重相加,并把90分位数值作为该流域的基准值.结果表明:我国太湖流域夏、冬季的生态学基准值分别为94.7和86.7,辽河流域夏、冬季的生态学基准值分别为100.0和96.4.通过该基准值可较好地区分2009年辽河流域和太湖流域夏、冬季采样点位的生境优劣,这说明基于浮游生物群落变化来计算生态学基准值的方法是可行的.      

宁波东钱湖大型底栖动物群落动态及水质生物学评价

2009年4月—2010年1月,对东钱湖大型底栖动物群落结构及空间分布格局进行了季度调查,并对其环境状况进行生物学评价.共记录底栖动物3门4纲28属30种,其中寡毛类5种、水生昆虫18种、软体动物7种.底栖动物密度、生物量和群落周年次级生产量分别为1 233 m-2、8.0 g/m2(以湿质量计)和35.3 g/(m2.a)(P/B系数法估算),单因素方差分析显示,秋、冬季显著高于春、夏季.东钱湖底栖动物优势种为红裸须摇蚊、长跗摇蚊、菱跗摇蚊和霍甫水丝蚓,红裸须摇蚊为冬季单一优势种.依据底栖动物密度的多维序列分析,可将东钱湖分为4个湖区.基于GIS平台,运用克里格插值法,构建动物参数及BI(Hilsenhoff生物指数)的空间分布格局,显示东钱湖底栖动物群落具有较强的空间异质性:摇蚊幼虫多分布在谷子湖及中部湖区,而软体动物主要聚集在中部偏西南及北部湖区.BI评价结果表明,东钱湖的整体水质为中度污染(BI为7.58),其在时空上有较大差异.其中,2009年4、7、9月为轻度污染(BI为6.66～7.33),2009年11月—2010年1月为中度污染(BI为8.32～8.39);在空间尺度上,中部及北湖偏东部湖区污染较轻,其次为谷子湖及五里塘湖区,南湖偏南部湖区污染较重.      

高水生植物毒性污染物的初步筛选

针对目前普遍认为水生植物对污染物的敏感性比动物低的观点开展研究. 查阅和筛选了ECOTOX毒性数据库里的污染物水生生物毒性数据,对美国国家水质基准（2009）里的120项优先控制污染物的毒性数据进行了分析. 参考美国的水生生物基准技术指南的数据筛选原则,初步筛选出6种具有高植物毒性的污染物,分别为1,1,1-三氯乙烷、2,4-二氯苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和N-亚硝基二甲胺. 结果表明,确实存在高植物毒性的污染物,对于这类污染物,水生植物比水生动物更为敏感. 然而,由于水生植物毒性试验远远少于动物毒性试验,并且资料的积累极为欠缺,因此,需要对水生植物毒性效应的研究和应用给予足够的重视.      

Community structure and biotic integrity of aquatic plants along the North Canal in Beijing北大核心CSCD

Aquatic plants along the North Canal in Beijing were studied to identify the community structure of aquatic plants and vegetation index of biotic integrity (VIBI), and to provide scientific basis for the management and protection of urban rivers. Aquatic plants from 49 sampling sites along the North Canal were investigated during June 2015. Based on the field data, distributing range analysis, discriminatory power analysis, and correlation analysis were used stepwise to select core metrics from candidate metrics to establish the VIBI assessment system. The VIBI value of each sampling site was calculated as the average of the scaled values of all core metrics. Thirty-six aquatic plant species, including 14 hygrophytes, 13 emergent species, 6 submergent species, 2 floating-leaved species, and 1 floating species were collected. Species diversity was low in the North Canal, and no aquatic plants were recorded in 28 sampling sites, of which 9 sampling sites were dried up. Five sites were in excellent condition (VIBI > 0.60), 5 were good (0.60 > VIBI > 0.38), 7 were fair (0.38 > VIBI > 0.23), and 4 were poor (VIBI < 0.23). Based on the distribution of VIBI, Shahe River and Wenyu River upstream, and Fenghe River located in suburbs had a higher VIBI. Downstream tributaries, such as Qinghe River, Bahe River, and Liangshui River, had a lower VIBI. Correlation analysis showed that habitat quality, habitat complexity, and vegetation diversity along riparian zones were the important factors affecting VIBI along the North Canal, Beijing. Aquatic plants along the North Canal showed low species diversity owing to human disturbance. VIBI along tributaries with limited disturbance from human activities was higher; however, VIBI along tributaries disturbed by frequent human activities was lower. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of two different intercropping systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dissipation北大核心CSCD

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical organic contaminants in the environment. It is indicated that plants and soil microorganisms have a positive synergistic effect on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of intercropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and PCB remediation, a pot-cultivation experiment with two intercropping treatments, corn (Zea mays L.) / ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and corn/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a corn monoculture was conducted in a greenhouse. All treatments were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae M47V. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, concentration of PCBs and their homologs in soil, 16S rDNA gene abundance, and community composition measured by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were determined after harvesting the plants. Intercropping significantly increased the root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn (P < 0.05), as well as the available N content of the soil. A significant difference of the bacterial community composition was found among different treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with corn monoculture, corn/alfalfa intercropping significantly increased soil bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). The dissipation rates of total PCBs, as well as that of penta-chloro biphenyls were significantly increased in the intercropping treatments, when compared to the corn monoculture treatment. Moreover, corn/ryegrass intercropping has a significantly positive effect on the dissipation of tri-chloro biphenyls. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that the PCBs homologues composition were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of 128 bp and 148 bp T-RFs. Corn intercropping with ryegrass or alfalfa has a positive effect on root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn. Inoculation of AM fungi in intercropping treatments significantly improved the efficiency of PCB remediation by promoting bacterial abundance and shifting the bacterial community composition. In conclusion, intercropping combined with AM fungi have positive synergistic effects on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Spatial variability in soil water and salinity in Tamarix community in a semiarid saline region of the upper Yellow River北大核心CSCD

Tamarix is widely distributed in semiarid saline regions of the upper Yellow River. The community of Tamarix affects the spatial distribution of soil water and salinity. It is important to explore the dynamic response relationship of Tamarix community and spatial distribution of soil water and salinity in order to evaluate the effects of vegetation community construction and ecological restoration in this region. The natural Tamarix community in the secondary saline-alkali land of the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area was investigated in July 2016. Classical statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil water and salinity. The results showed that the soil water content was relatively low (1.98%-7.55%), whereas the soil salinity was high (average conductivity 10.28-25.38 mS/cm) in the study area. The variability coefficient range of soil water and salinity was 36.1%-83.7%, both with moderate variations. Furthermore, the variation degree of soil salinity decreased with the increase in soil depth. The soil water and salinity had obvious spatial structure characteristics, which was mainly affected by structural factors or structural factors associated with stochastic factors. The coefficients of nugget were 0.04%-49.88%, indicating the strong spatial correlation. The spatial distribution of soil water and salinity in Tamarix community showed a patchy pattern; the soil water and salinity distribution in the areas with high Tamarix growing density were considerably high. The correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between soil water and salinity in the study area. In conclusion, soil water and salinity restrict the distribution and growth of Tamarix. Furthermore, the distribution and growth of Tamarix enhanced the spatial variability of soil water and salinity. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Non-timber forest products and village livelihoods in Rajasthan,India: adaptation in a changing environment

This paper presents the results of research conducted between 2009 and 2014 in the village of Khanda Sharol in the state of Rajasthan, India. Our research objective was to determine how the livelihoods of village residents have been affected by the intensification of forest use, and the resulting loss of domestic access to traditionally used forest resources. Results indicate that changes in forest cover have resulted in a loss of livelihood options for village residents. Yet rather than being victimized by environmental change processes, this paper shows how villagers have responded by partnering with public and private actors to develop a community protected forest area that is now helping villagers to meet their livelihood needs. These findings suggest that sustainable livelihoods in rural regions of India require committed and scaled approaches involving local, public, and private actors.     

Effect of iron addition on the performance of anoxic-oxic membrane process and biological phosphorus removal北大核心CSCD

In order to solve the problem of poor treatment of phosphorus in membrane bioreactor (MBR) with long sludge retention time (SRT), a ferric salt was added to enhance phosphorus removal; FeCl36H2O (Fe/P = 2.0) was added to the reactor. The removal efficiency of nitrogen, organic matters, and phosphorus in the MBR was investigated systematically. Moreover, this study focused on the membrane performance, the change of active sludge flora, and the effect of adding a ferric salt on membrane fouling before and after the addition. It was seen that adding the ferric salt could not affect the removal of COD and NH4 +-N and the removal rate of COD and NH4 +-N reached over 90%. However, the average removal rate of phosphorus was 52%, while the removal rate increased by nearly 40% after adding the ferric salt. The effects of adding ferric salts on the dominant bacteria and biological phosphorus removal of activated sludge were further studied. The results showed that the addition of ferric salt (Fe/P = 2.0) decreased the diversity of active sludge flora and relative abundance of some phosphorusaccumulating organisms and had a negative effect on biological phosphorus removal. The analysis of transmembrane pressure difference (TMP) recording revealed that the concentration of iron salts did not exacerbate membrane fouling. The results showed that the concentration of iron salts entering the membrane bioreactor would reduce the relative abundance and phosphorus removal efficiency of the activated sludge in the system to a certain extent, but it had no obvious effect on membrane fouling. It allowed the effluent to attain acceptable standards, especially with respect to phosphorus removal efficiency. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

同步辐射X射线荧光和吸收谱技术在环境汞污染研究中的应用进展

汞作为一种重要的全球性重金属污染物,被许多国际组织列为优先控制污染物。常规的汞分析手段,例如电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱(AFS)等,对汞的分析精度较高,方法比较成熟,但对样品前处理要求也较高。同步辐射技术由于其高、精、准的优势,且对样品前处理要求比较简单、可实现原位无损分析,因此被广泛应用于环境样品的分析中。随着研究的发展,同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SRXRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(SRXAS)技术在环境汞污染分析领域得到了越来越多的应用。主要介绍了我国环境汞污染现状及污染特征,同步辐射技术对于汞分布蓄积、含量和化学形态分析方面的独特优势,重点回顾了本项目组和其他一些研究组近几年关于SRXRF和SRXAS技术在环境介质如土壤、植物体内汞的分布蓄积、相对含量和化学形态转化研究领域的应用进展,对进一步发展并提高同步辐射技术在环境及生物体汞污染水平、毒性机理和生态毒理评价方面的应用进行了展望。