Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

Source attributions of heavy metals in rice plant along highway in Eastern China

Air and soil pollution from traffic has been considered as a critical issue to crop production and food safety, however, few efforts have been paid on distinguish the source origin of traffic-related contaminants in rice plant along highway. Therefore, we investigated metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu) concentrations and stable Pb isotope ratios in rice plants exposed and unexposed to highway traffic pollution in Eastern China in 2008. Significant differences in metals concentrations between the exposed and unexposed plants existed in leaf for Pb, Cd and Zn, in stem only for Zn, and in grain for Pb and Cd. About 46% of Pb and 41% of Cd in the grain were attributed to the foliar uptake from atmosphere, and there were no obvious contribution of atmosphere to the accumulations of Cr, Zn and Cu in grain. Except for Zn, all of the heavy metals in stem were attributed to the root uptake from soil, although significant accumulations of Pb and Cd from atmosphere existed in leaf. This indicated that different processes existed in the subsequent translocation of foliar-absorbed heavy metals between rice organs. The distinct separation of stable Pb isotope ratios among rice grain, leaf, stem, soil and vehicle exhaust further provided evidences on the different pathways of heavy metal accumulation in rice plant. These results suggested that further more attentions should be paid to the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from traffic emission when plan crop layout for food safety along highway.     

一种快腐菌剂在堆肥制作中的应用研究

在接种和未接种条件下,研究了一种菌剂YD-KFI对堆肥制作效果.结果发现,接种该菌剂加快堆肥升温速度、提高最高温度、延长高温维持时间;堆肥制作的升温期和高温期,接种菌剂分别促进了淀粉、可溶性糖和粗纤维等物质的降解,加快了堆肥的腐熟进程.采用PCR-DGGE方法,分析该菌剂对堆肥制作不同阶段微生物群落的影响,发现在堆肥制...     

水生植物毒性试验及在生态风险评价中的作用

综述了利用大型水生毒性试验的主要技术和方法，地其在环境监测和评价中的特点进行分析，讨论了它在污染物生态风险评价中的作用和地位，并介绍国内外对水生植物生态毒理学研究和应用现状及发展趋势。     

精神活性物质在北京市某污水处理厂中的污染特征与生态风险

为了解污水处理厂对精神活性物质的去除特征及总出水对受纳水体的生态风险,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法调查了北京市某污水处理厂中13种精神活性物质的浓度水平与负荷量变化,并运用RQ（risk quotient,风险熵）对总出水中精神活性物质进行风险评估.结果表明:①13种精神活性物质在总进水与总出水中均能检出,总质量浓度平均值分别为2 395.10和63.59 ng/L,其中ρ（EPH）（EPH表示麻黄碱）占比分别为93.9%和67.9%,其次为COD（可待因）与METH（甲基苯丙胺）.污水处理厂上游地表水中ρ（EPH）、ρ（METH）与ρ（KET）（KET为氯胺酮）均高于总出水及其下游地表水,说明上游沿河可能有新的污染源输入.②污水处理厂对NK（去甲氯胺酮）、BE（苯甲酰爱康宁）和MTD（美沙酮）均呈负去除,其他精神活性物质的去除主要发生在二级生物处理与三级处理（超滤膜与UV消毒）阶段.③污水处理厂服务区域内精神活性物质的周内负荷量存在一定波动,AMP（苯丙胺）、METH、MDA（3,4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺）、MDMA（3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺）、KET与HER（海洛因）的负荷量均在周末升高.④污水处理厂总出水中精神活性物质的生态风险均较低（RQ < 0.10）.研究显示,污水处理厂不能完全去除污水中的精神活性物质,总出水中残留精神活性物质对受纳河流生态系统产生的长期混合效应不容忽视.      

低DO下AGS-SBR处理低COD/N生活污水长期运行特征及种群分析

本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),构成AGS-SBR系统,研究其在低DO(0.5~1.0mg·L~(-1))条件下,处理低COD/N比(4.0)生活污水同步脱氮除磷的长期稳定运行特性,并解析反应器的主要菌群构成.结果表明,在反应器运行的180d里,AGS-SBR系统表现出了良好且稳定的除污能力,反应器对水体中COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP平均去除率分别达到87.17%、95.21%、77.05%和91.11%.好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能一直很好,污泥始终保持着完整的颗粒外观和密实紧凑的结构,并没有出现明显的颗粒污泥解体的现象.同时,高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门、厚壁菌门、绿菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门为SBR-AGS反应器中主要优势菌群.Denitratisoma、Planctomycetaceae、Thauera、Comamonas、Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira是反应器中与脱氮有关菌群;Clostridium和Anaerolinea是除磷相关细菌.     

化肥减量配施秸秆对双季稻田固氮微生物群落的影响

基于3 a田间定位试验,研究了双季稻田化肥减量配施秸秆后第3 a对水稻产量、土壤肥力属性和固氮微生物群落结构特征的影响.设置了3种施肥模式：常规施化肥（CF）、化肥减量配施3 t ·hm^-2干重秸秆（CFLS）和化肥减量配施6 t ·hm^-2干重秸秆（CFHS）.结果表明,在化肥减量配施秸秆后第3 a,CFLS和CFHS在没有显著减少水稻籽粒产量（P>0.05）的情况下显著中和土壤酸化并提高土壤微生物量碳和氮、可溶性有机碳和有机碳含量（P<0.05）,同时显著减少了土壤氧化还原电位、铵态氮和硝态氮含量（P<0.05）,更有利于提高土壤氮素利用率.与CF处理相比,CFLS和CFHS的天然固氮功能群由于土壤碳储量增加和酸化程度降低等条件的改善而增加了Shannon、PD和Evenness指数（P<0.05）.化肥减量配施秸秆使Ferrigenium、硫氧化菌属（Sulfurivermis）、甲基单胞菌属（Methylomonas）、Methylovulum、外硫红螺菌属（Ectothiorhodospira）和念珠藻属（Nostoc）等固氮、固碳和植物促生功能微生物类群相对丰度显著提高（P<0.05）.综上所述,化肥减量配施3 t ·hm^-2和6 t ·hm^-2秸秆是改善土壤固氮微生物群落结构和提高土壤固氮潜力的有效措施.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

生物滤塔除臭技术在污水处理厂的应用

生物滤塔除臭技术在污水处理厂中应用广泛。文章通过对实际案例运行情况的分析,研究了几个主要因素变化对除臭效率的影响。在温度为22℃,温度〉95％,pH值为6．6左右且进气流量及浓度稳定的情况下,生物滤塔的除臭效率可达96％以上,平均净化效率达85％以上,净化后的气体达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》二级标准。     

福州市跃进河行政中心段浮游植物群落结构及水质评价研究

于2014年6月(夏季),9月(秋季)及12月(冬季)对福州市内河跃进河(行政中心段)水体进行了水质理化指标测定及浮游植物群落的生态调查,共检出浮游植物4门132种,浮游植物密度平均为208 826 ind./L,浮游植物生物量平均为3.500 3 mg/L.浮游植物多样性指数Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)、Simpson指数(D),Margalef指数(d)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)变动范围分别为1.94～4.17、0.59～ 0.92、3.53 ～6.66和0.38～0.81.总体评价跃进河(行政中心段)的水体为劣V类,水体营养化水平较高.