Determination of first-order landfill gas modeling parameters and uncertainties

Using first-order kinetic empirical models to estimate landfill gas (LFG) generation and collection rates is well recognized in the literature. The uncertainty in the estimated LFG generation rates is a major challenge in evaluating performance of LFG collection and LFG to energy facilities. In this investigation, four methods for quantifying first-order LFG generation model parameters, methane generation potential, L₀, and methane generation rate constant, k, were evaluated. It was found that the model is insensitive to the approach taken in quantifying the parameters. However, considering the recognition of using the model in the literature, the optimum method to estimate L₀ and k is to determine L₀ using disposed municipal solid waste composition and laboratory component specific methane potential values. The k value can be selected by model fitting and regression using the first-order model if LFG collection data are available. When such data are not available, k can be selected from technical literature, based on site conditions. For five Florida case-study landfills L₀ varied from 56 to 77 m³ Mg⁻¹, and k varied from 0.04 to 0.13 yr⁻¹ for the traditional landfills and was 0.10 yr⁻¹ for the wet cell. Model predictions of LFG collection rates were on average lower than actual collection. The uncertainty (coefficient of variation) in modeled LFG generation rates varied from ±11% to ±17% while landfills were open, ±9% to ±18% at the end of waste placement, and ±16% to ±203% 50 years after waste placement ended.     

利用CALPUFF对安徽和河南秸秆焚烧的模拟与研究

秸秆焚烧会产生大量的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物、有机碳、苯以及多环芳烃等污染物,不仅影响空气质量,危害人体健康,而且大大降低能见度,对交通运输构成威胁. 针对安徽和河南2009年6月严重的秸秆焚烧现象,对CALPUFF模拟系统和FEPS模型进行重新编译与整合,对空气动力学直径小于10 μm的颗粒物(PM₁₀)进行扩散模拟,得到逐时ρ(PM₁₀₎的烟羽扩散,并对模拟结果进行分析. 结果表明,秸秆焚烧过程中焚烧点附近的ρ(PM₁₀₎较大,研究区域内部分区域的日均ρ(PM₁₀₎大于我国二级标准(150 μg/m3)甚至三级标准(350 μg/m3). 如果考虑二次粒子,其影响程度会更加严重.      

Examining the relationship between ecosystem structure and function using structural equation modelling: A case study examining denitrification potential in restored wetland soils

An ongoing debate in ecology is the relationship between community or ecosystem structure and function. This relationship is particularly important in restored ecosystems because it is often assumed that restoring ecosystem structure will restore ecosystem functioning, but this assumption is frequently not tested. In this study, we used a novel application of structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the relationship between ecosystem structure and function. To exemplify how to apply SEM to explore this relationship, we used a case study examining soil controls on denitrification potential (DNP) in two restored wetlands. Our objectives were to examine (1) whether both restored wetland soil ecosystems had similar relationships among soils variables (i.e. similar soil ecosystem structure) and (2) whether the soil variables driving denitrification potential (DNP) were similar at both sites (i.e. the soil ecosystems were functioning in a similar manner). Using the unique ability of SEM to test model structure, we proposed a SEM to represent the soil ecosystem and tested this structure with field data. We determined that the same model structure was supported by data from both systems suggesting that the two restored wetland systems had similar soil ecosystem structure. To test whether both ecosystems were functioning in a similar way, we examined the parameters of each model. We determined that the drivers of DNP function were not the same at both sites. Higher soil organic matter was the most important predictor of higher DNP at both sites. However, the other significant relationships among soils variables were different at each system indicating that the soils were not functioning in exactly the same way at each site. Overall, these results suggest that the restoration of ecosystem structure may not necessarily ensure the restoration of ecosystem functioning. In this study we capitalize on an inherent feature of SEM, the ability to test model structure, to test a fundamental ecological question. This novel approach is widely applicable to other systems and improves our understanding of the general relationship between ecosystem structure and function.     

武汉市生态用地发展潜力分析

根据国家与湖北省的相关政策、规定,以土地利用图和基本农田保护规划图为基础,利用GIS对武汉市的生态用地潜力进行分析。结果表明,其可用土地规模为51 028.75～113 537.77 hm2,如能全部用于林业建设,则全市的林木绿化率仅此就可以增加6.01%～13.37%。其中未利用土地如全部用于林业建设可以增加森林覆盖率4.1%,其他的水岸、道路、坡耕地等的绿化潜力为1.91%～9.27%。目前的林业生态建设应该首先以挖掘未利用土地的绿化潜力为主,适当增加其他类型用地向林业生态用途的转化。     

青岛市表面土壤Cu的形态分布及潜在生态危害评价

研究了青岛市不同功能区表层土壤Cu的含量及其化学形态分布,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中Cu的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,Cu的含量为23.84-114.86 mg/kg,平均值为52.03 mg/kg,污染程度为工业区〉居民区〉风景区〉商业区〉农业区;土壤中Cu的化学形态总的分布趋势为：残渣态〉有机结合态〉铁锰氧化物结合态〉碳酸盐结合态〉可交换态,生物可利用态含量较低;青岛市表面土壤的Cu污染处于中等到强污染之间,达到轻微生态危害水平。     

深圳湾海域营养盐的时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据深圳湾海域2008年2、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用Si：N：P比及潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐污染严重,劣于四类海水水质标准;且受珠江口水系夏季带来的高氮低磷低硅的海水的影响,整个深圳湾海水中氮磷硅营养盐的时空分布不尽相同：夏季DIN的分布由湾口向湾内逐渐降低;冬、春、秋3季DIN的分布和4个季节PO43--P、SiO32--Si的分布都是由湾内向湾口逐渐降低;受陆源输入的影响,秋季DIN和PO43--P表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐降低的趋势;受海底沉积物交换的影响,夏季SiO32--Si表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐升高的分布趋势。冬季整个海域都处于氮限制状态,基本无赤潮发生风险;春季整个海域基本处于富营养状态,是赤潮的高发期;夏季整个海域从湾内到湾口由氮限制逐渐过渡到磷限制状态,处于赤潮发生的危险期;秋季整个海域处于轻微的磷限制状态,也是深圳湾赤潮的高发期,但危险性较春季有所降低。     

外加磷提高生物预处理效果的试验研究

利用国内研究较多的生物陶粒滤池预处理工艺,在我国北方某水库原水中添加微量的磷,考察磷对生物预处理的促进作用通过生物分析方法,发现在原水水样中添加50μg/L的PO₄^3--P(NaH₂PO₄)后,可以促进原水中细菌的生长,BDOC也有所增加,证明了原水中磷对细菌生长的限制因子作用陶粒滤池的实际运行结果表明,对于本试验所用原水,添加25μg/L的PO₄^3--P(H₃PO₄)后,生物陶粒滤池对水中CODMn的去除率平均提高4.7个百分点,UV254和TOC的去除率分别提高3.6和5.7个百分点.由此为提高生物预处理的运行效果提供了一个新的思路,也说明磷在饮用水中的作用需要引起重视.     

滁州市一次持续性臭氧污染过程气象与传输特征分析

2019年6月8日至17日,安徽省滁州市发生一次持续性臭氧(O₃)污染过程,O₃浓度值超过国家二级标准浓度限值3%~45%。基于滁州市老年大学监测站点空气质量数据、滁州市气象站及全球资料同化系统(GDAS)气象数据,运用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型、潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)分析方法,研究污染发生时段的气象和区域传输特征。结果表明:①在此次O₃污染过程中,日最高温度的变化范围为25.5~34.7 ℃,风速整体小于4 m/s,风向以偏东风为主,午后的相对湿度在40%左右。在该时段内,滁州市基本处于均压场的控制之中,且受到锋面气旋外围下沉气流的影响,大气层结稳定。②O₃污染发生期间,滁州市主要受东南方向气流的影响,但来自山东省、安徽省北部和江苏省北部的气流的影响也不容忽视。6月9日夜间至10日上午的O₃浓度异常高值,与9日下午的气压异常低值及9日夜间的大气边界层高度异常高值密切相关。上述气压及大气边界层高度异常值的出现使得上风向高浓度O₃被输送至滁州。③此次污染过程的潜在贡献源区主要分布于安徽省东南部、江苏省中西部和浙江省北部等地。上述区域的加权潜在源贡献因子(WPSCF)值大于0.4,加权浓度权重轨迹(WCWT)值超过了100 μg/m³。今后,滁州市在O₃污染防控工作中应加强与上述区域的联防联控。     

宜都市PM2.5与O3季节性分布特征及潜在源区分析

为了解宜都市PM_2.5与O₃的污染特征及潜在来源,利用宜都市2020年3月至2022年2月在线监测数据及气象数据,对宜都市PM_2.5与O₃质量浓度变化特征、气象影响因素及潜在源区进行了分析,结果表明:宜都市PM_2.5质量浓度冬高夏低,日变化呈双峰特征,O₃质量浓度夏高冬低,日变化呈单峰特征。高湿、静稳的气象条件以及较强偏北风作用下的区域污染传输对PM_2.5污染有重要影响,高温以及中湿度对O₃污染过程有重要作用。春、夏、秋季偏南方向气流轨迹占主导,且携带较高的污染物浓度,冬季来自湖北东北及西南方向的气流占比较高且携带的PM_2.5浓度较高;宜都市PM_2.5、O₃的潜在源区具有季节性差异,总体来看,主要分布在河南南部、湖北东部及湖南的北部区域。     

转基因作物在生产中的应用及某些潜在问题

１９９７年,经修饰的活生物体,尤其是转基因作物,得到了突飞猛进的发展,但同时转基因作物在商品化过程中也出现了一系列问题,对转基因生物潜在风险一直有不同的观点,本文就上述几方面问题作一综述．１１９９７年全球转基因作物的进展转基因生物目前在国际、国内的书...