硫酸钛混凝去除无机砷(Ⅲ)的效能

使用硫酸钛作为混凝剂,研究了混凝去除As(Ⅲ)过程中溶液pH值、混凝剂投加量、砷的初始浓度以及阴离子对除砷效果的影响.硫酸钛的水解沉淀物颗粒等电点为pH =5;当pH =6时,水解沉淀物的粒径最大.在pH =5 ～8范围内,As(Ⅲ)的去除率高且基本稳定;而沉淀物颗粒Zeta电位降低较大.说明水解沉淀物Zeta电位对As(Ⅲ)的去除影响不大.混凝剂投加量为2.5 ～10 mg/L时,As (Ⅲ)的去除率随投加量的增加而显著增加;混凝剂投加量大于15 mg/L时,As(Ⅲ)去除率随混凝剂投加量的增加变化趋于平缓.水中阴离子(硅酸根和磷酸根离子)的存在会降低混凝对As (Ⅲ)的去除效率.     

Chemical fate,latitudinal distribution and long-range transport of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in the global environment: A modeling assessment

Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) such as octamethycyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethycyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) are widely used as intermediates in the synthesis of high-molecular weight silicone polymers or as ingredients in the formulation of personal care products. The global environmental fate, latitudinal distribution, and long range transport of those cVMS were analyzed by two multimedia chemical fate models using the best available physicochemical properties as inputs and known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and highly persistent volatile organic chemicals (“fliers”) as reference. The global transport and accumulation characteristics of cVMS differ from those of typical POPs in three significant ways. First, a large fraction of the released cVMS tends to become airborne and is removed from the global environment by degradation in air, whereas known POPs have a tendency to be distributed and persistent in all media. Secondly, although cVMS can travel a substantial distance in the atmosphere, they have little potential for deposition to surface media in remote regions. This contrasts with a deposition potential of known POPs that exceeds that of cVMS by 4–5 orders of magnitude. Thirdly, cVMS have short global residence times with the majority of the global mass removed within 3 months of the end of release. Global residence times of POPs on the other hand are in years. The persistent fliers resemble the cVMS with respect to the first two attributes, but their global residence times are more like those of the POPs.     

某铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为能够定量评价铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害性,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属进行综合污染评价。结果表明,铀尾矿库周围部分农田土壤中重金属Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Hg、Zn含量存在积累和超标情况,尤以Cd的污染最严重,Ni、As次之;Pb、Cr含量能够满足标准限值要求。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd,其次是Hg、As,Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn并不构成潜在生态风险。铀尾矿库周围农田土壤中较高水平的Cd在构成环境污染的同时,也构成了较严重的生态危害,应加强对重金属Cd、Hg的生态风险防治。     

河北曹妃甸农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

以河北曹妃甸项目区农田土壤为研究对象,分析测定土壤基本性质和Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量,并依据有关标准和模型对土壤环境质量和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:农田土壤总体偏碱性,属壤质和黏壤质水稻土,有机质含量低;土壤中Cu的污染指数最大,Zn、Pb次之,Cd虽没超过国家标准但已出现污染累积现象。在单因子评价中,有76%的土样中Cd元素呈中等或强潜在生态风险,其余元素均无潜在生态风险;在多因子评价中,有95%的土样属于无生态危害或一般生态危害,只有5%是强生态危害。项目区农田土壤质量虽总体良好,但个别区域存在严重生态危害问题,尤其是Cd元素的潜在生态风险十分突出。在今后的土地整理和污染修复工程中,应注意保护清洁农田,防止污染交叉转移,促进农业可持续发展。     

浅谈新疆“十二五”畜禽养殖业主要污染物的减排

结合主要污染物"十二五"总量控制规划编制工作经验,对新疆畜禽养殖业主要污染物的减排潜力及途径进行分析,宏观测算出新疆畜禽养殖业"十二五"期间的减排潜力,并提出新疆畜禽养殖业的减排途径及方法,为新疆主要污染物"十二五"减排工作提供合理化建议。     

某河沉积物中铅镉污染分布特征及生态风险评价

测定某河6个监测点位表层和2个垂直点位沉积物中铅、镉含量,研究其分布特征和主要来源,运用地累积指数和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数对其污染状况进行了评价。     

治理后的太湖无锡区域底质中重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

以2005年以后太湖无锡区域底质为研究对象,分析了太湖底泥中重金属的含量分布及富集状况,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的生态危害进行评价。结果表明：太湖无锡区域底质受重金属轻度污染,含量高于全国水系沉积物平均值;地积累指数法显示太湖无锡区域底质中重金属污染排序为Cu=As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr〉Cd〉Hg;金属对太湖无锡区域底质构成的潜在生态危害由强到弱为Hg〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Zn;从区域上看,2种评价方法均表明底质中重金属危害程度为宜兴沿岸区〉梅梁湖〉五里湖〉贡湖无锡水域。     

Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential: An Assessment of Models and Methods for the Power Sector

The success of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions requires that there are scientifically sound and usable measurement methods for the emission baseline. Three different methods are investigated in the context of China’s electrical sector: simulation with dispatch analysis, decomposition analysis, and operating and build margin analysis. It is found that dispatch analysis is the best method available as it is able to consider important regional and temporal dimensions, while decomposition analysis can help quantify the potential effects of different energy and environment policy choices.     

A game model for dominance relations among group-living animals

We present here an attempt to understand behaviors of dominant individuals and of subordinate individuals as behavior strategies in an asymmetric “hawk-dove” game. We assume that contestants have perfect information about relative fighting ability and the value of the resource. Any type of asymmetry, both relevant to and irrelevant to the fighting ability, can be considered. It is concluded that evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) depend on the resource value (V), the cost of injury (D), and the probability that the individual in one role will win (x). Different ESSs can exist even when values of V, D, and x are the same. The characteristics of dominance relations detected by observers may result from the ESSs that the individuals are adopting. The model explains some characteristics of dominance relations, for example, the consistent outcome of contests, the rare occurrence of escalated fights, and the discrepancy between resource holding potential (RHP) and dominance relations, from the viewpoint of individual selection. Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 17 October 1997     

矿山生态修复及市政污泥稳定化产物应用潜力

对矿山土地的破坏、污染与危害进行了调研和回顾,详细介绍了矿山土地的物理修复、化学修复和植物修复技术,以及含硫矿山所特需的酸性矿山废水（AMD）原位阻断技术,分析其优缺点及使用条件.研究得出矿山土地生态修复技术的选择依据,通过一系列技术阻断污染,修复与改良表层土壤后建立植被,最终实现生态修复.指出提供足够的、符合需求的植物生长基质是矿山土地生态系统修复的关键要素.进一步提出符合标准要求的市政污泥稳定化产物具有替换客土、预防AMD产生、阻断矿山重金属污染、为矿山土地补充维持植物生长所必需的养分、强化矿山土地保水保肥的作用.同时,对于我国目前待修复的矿山面积,市政污泥稳定化产物施用在时间维度上具有长期的可持续性.因此,市政污泥稳定化产物在矿山土地生态修复的应用上具有潜力和优势.