Performance evaluation of the UV/H2O2 process on selected nitrogenous organic compounds: reductions of organic contents vs. corresponding C-, N-DBPs formations

The presence of various organic contaminants in water sources is of concern due to their direct threats to human health and potential to react with disinfectants to form carcinogenic byproducts including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and nitrosamines in finished water. This study applied both medium-pressure and low-pressure ultraviolet light coupled with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) to evaluate its efficacy for degradation of selected nitrogenous organic compounds and corresponding disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Six organic compounds were chosen as target precursors based on their nitrogen contents and molecular structures. The results showed that higher oxidation capacity resulted in better reduction of organic matters and DBP formation potentials (DBPFPs). However, insufficient contact time and oxidant doses could lead to a rise of DBPFPs in the early stages of UV/H₂O₂ reactions. A greater percentage removal was achieved for organic carbon than organic nitrogen after UV/H₂O₂ treatment, especially for compounds with complicated structure such as diltiazem. During the UV/H₂O₂ treatment, the intermediate products include tertiary amine, dimethyl amine (DMA) or DMA-like structures, which are N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors after chlorination or chloramination. Furthermore, it was observed that using dissolved organic nitrogen and DMA to predict NDMAFP could lead to biased conclusions because of the complex nature of nitrogenous matters in aqueous environments.     

Locating industrial VOC sources with aircraft observations

Observation and characterization of environmental pollution, focussing on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), in a high-risk industrial area, are particularly important in order to provide indications on a safe level of exposure, indicate eventual priorities and advise on policy interventions. The aim of this study is to use the Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) method to measure VOCs, directly coupled with atmospheric measurements taken on a small aircraft environmental platform, to evaluate and locate the presence of VOC emission sources in the Marghera industrial area. Lab analysis of collected SPME fibres and subsequent analysis of mass spectrum and chromatograms in Scan Mode allowed the detection of a wide range of VOCs. The combination of this information during the monitoring campaign allowed a model (Gaussian Plume) to be implemented that estimates the localization of emission sources on the ground.     

Mitigation Strategy to Contain Methane Emission from Rice-Fields

Methane is primarily a biogenic gas, which is implicated in global climate change. Among all the sources of methane emission, paddy fields form the most dominant source. An experiment was conducted with a common paddy crop (Oryza sativa var. Vishnuparag) by amending the soils with different organic manures and biofertilizers with a view to find out an inexpensive strategy to mitigate methane emission from the rice-fields. The results revealed that there was a seasonal change in the CH₄ flux, registering a peak at heading stage in all treatments. The application of rice straw before flooding and the biofertilizer after flooding enhances CH₄ efflux from the rice-fields significantly, while composts of cowdung and leaves did not stimulate CH₄ production and, rather, decreased CH₄ fluxes. As soil pH and temperature were optimum for methanogenesis, it was likely that the organic C and the redox potential mainly modulated methane production and its emission through rice plants.     

隐患治理及研究

2008年“隐患治理年”刚刚过去,但隐患治理在安全生产长效机制中的地位和作用仍是永恒主题。隐患还需要深入研究并更加科学定义,隐患称谓需要引导并规范一致,隐患在实际应用中需要结合国内安全生产特点进一步发展。隐患提出和应用的最终目的是为了事故预防,隐患需要分级,治理重大隐患才能预防重大事故。     

CO2 dispersion around two PWR nuclear power plants in Brazil

Atmospheric air samples were taken within 3 km from power plants encompassing five different distances and wind directions. Samples were taken between 2002 and 2005 aiming to evaluate the environmental ¹⁴C enrichment due to the operation of Brazilian nuclear power plants. The sampling system consisted of a pump connected to a trapping column filled with a 3 M NaOH solution. The trapped CO₂ was analyzed for ¹⁴C by using a single stage accelerator mass spectrometry (SSAMS).     

依据经济水平建立的华中-华南粮食运输模型

从中国土地利用现状出发,根据目前的中国粮食生产、粮食需求关系和地区经济水平差异等因素,建立了粮食调拨运输模型--计划经济型(非市场原理型)和市场原理型(自由购买型)。并将这两种模型分别应用到中国华中-华南地区,讨论了中国华中-华南地区的粮食储备变化特点。模拟结果显示:非市场原理型运输模型中,随着粮食运输强度系数的增大,城市地区的粮食不足现象逐步得到缓解;而粮食产地的粮食储量也将相应减少,粮食分布的区域不平衡不会长期存在。依据市场原理型运输模型,随着粮食吸收系数的增大,粮食储备迅速集中到沿海城市,此后粮食生产地区的粮食储备开始减少,内陆地区会出现大范围的粮食短缺现象。这种粮食分布的区域不平衡现象越来越大。     

安徽铜陵新桥河上游沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

安徽铜陵新桥河的沉积物样中,重金属浓度为Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cr,按国家土壤环境二级质量标准评价,Cu、Zn含量已超标。其新桥河的沉积物样中,Cu、Zn的污染参数很高,含量为高风险或极高风险;Pb污染参数较高,含量为一般风险或高风险。同时新桥河的沉积物样中,Cu具有很高的潜在生态风险。     

潜在泥石流的界定与判识——以金沙江流域溪洛渡库区为例

选择在建的溪洛渡库区作为研究区域,通过详细的野外考察,确定金沙江流域溪洛渡库区干流共有现代活动泥石流沟57条。利用Matlab构建SOM神经网络模型,依据这57条泥石流样本,选择流域面积、主沟长度、相对高差、沟床比降、平均坡度、相对切割程度、圆状率和侵蚀程度等8个指标,对干流46条沟谷进行预测。预测结果分为：①非泥石流沟有19条,分布在雷波-永善三角台地上;②低危险潜在泥石流沟有14条,分布在库区尾端;③高危险潜在泥石流沟有13条,分布于库区中间位置。预测结果可以为库区生态修复和工程治理提供依据。     

多点渗漏垃圾填埋场三维电学检测能力及影响因素分析

通过理论分析与原位实验,研究三维电学监测系统对垃圾填埋场多渗漏点位置的检测能力,分析影响检测效果的主要因素,以为设计经济、合理、有效的实时监测系统提供依据。结果表明:膜下电位监测法具有清晰的理论基础;供电电流强弱只影响测量电位值大小,不改变其异常形态,供电强度应以保证测量电位具有较高信噪比为原则;电极系极距大小会影响对相邻漏洞的检测能力,当极距小于相邻漏洞间距时,系统可对漏点位置进行有效反映;供电电极A在填埋场顶层中部布设、B极在膜下多点相连布设的布极方式,有利于漏点检测;漏洞越大,相应位置的测量电位值越高;划痕状漏洞不易被测出。利用膜下电极系测量的电阻率剖面对漏点具有较好的反映能力,并可实现渗滤液在地下扩散过程的监测。     

有机硅改性破乳-絮凝剂在含油污水处理中的应用

采用破乳-絮凝法结合有机硅表面活性剂处理塔里木油田含油污水,以水样的油含量、Zeta电位、显微照片、界面张力为考察参数,得到一种新型水处理剂NP-22。NP-22为有机硅改性破乳-絮凝剂,其配方为破乳-絮凝剂YL-7和有机硅表面活性剂321的质量比95∶15。在NP-22加入量90 mg/L、反应温度45℃、沉降时间90min的优化条件下处理含油污水,水样的油含量由728.8 mg/L降至34.3 mg/L,除油率达95.3%。有机硅表面活性剂321可有效降低油水界面张力,与YL-7复合使用,可取得更好的除油效果。