中国土壤修复与治理的投融资政策最新进展与展望

中国目前的土壤污染修复资金主要来源于政府财政性投资,融资渠道较为单一。《土壤污染防治行动计划》实施后,如何满足实现土壤污染修复与治理目标的投资需求是一个迫切需要解决的问题,充分创新发挥市场力量,建立长效的融资政策机制是核心内容。本文评估了中国土壤污染修复与治理投融资政策现状,识别了投融资面临的关键问题和挑战,提出了"十三五"时期中国土壤修复与治理的投融资机制建设的政策建议,为"十三五"时期中国土壤修复投融资模式创新提供管理技术支撑。     

From Policy Document to Implementation: Organizational Routines as Possible Barriers to Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation

This paper aims to understand the role of organizational routines as possible barriers to the mainstreaming of climate adaptation at the implementation stage. While the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into policy documents is relatively easy, the implementation of these policies seems to be more problematic. Barriers to climate adaptation often occur during this stage as the implementation of the policies is generally undertaken by other actors than the policy-makers. These actors act based on organizational routines. As organizational routines aim to provide stability, they tend to be reaffirmative. Reorganizing the resources and practices of these actors to initiate mainstreaming then proves difficult. Consequently, the routines could prevent change that might be necessary to address new policy objectives such as climate adaptation. An analytical framework consisting of four self-reinforcing mechanisms is used to understand and explain why and how organizational routines can hamper the mainstreaming of climate adaptation during implementation. A case study is used to illustrate organizational routines as possible barriers. The paper concludes by stating that to optimize the possibilities of mainstreaming climate adaptation, a change in routines is necessary. In order to stimulate change in organizational routines, the focus should be on reflecting on existing routines, legitimacy building and learning.     

The environmental state as a model for the world? An analysis of policy repertoires in 37 countries

Scholars have proposed the analytical concept of the environmental state, a state where government actively addresses negative environmental externalities of economic activities. The mapping of environmental regulatory expansion in Western countries has been central in recent attempts to identify the environmental state empirically. Surprisingly little is known, however, when it comes to the environmental regulatory expansions in non-Western countries. Are there similar trends towards the emergence of environmental states in the non-West as well? From analysing data covering 25 policies in 37 countries, it appears that regulatory expansion has also occurred in the non-Western world, and the distinction between the West and the non-West has been reduced over time. There are non-Western countries among environmental pioneers, and there is some evidence for the trend of global convergence. Future research on environmental states should take into account emerging environmental states in the non-West.     

Greener governments: partisan ideologies,executive institutions,and environmental policies

Why do some governments have more environmentally friendly policies than others? Part of the answer involves governing parties’ ideological positions on environmentalism and the constraints imposed by executive institutions. Here, this party-based explanation is elaborated and tested with uniquely comparable indicators of national environmental policies for governments in 27 countries in the European Union (EU). The findings show that governments with parties that emphasized environmental protection in their manifestos are more likely to propose pro-environment policies during EU-level negotiations. However, the effect of ideology is mediated by the centralization of the national executive branch. In centralized national executives, the environmental positions of prime ministers’ parties affect policies, while in decentralized national executives, the positions of environment ministers’ parties are relevant. The findings have implications for understanding the impact of parties’ environmental positions on government policies, as well as for policy making in coalitions more generally.     

日本第四次修订《食品、农业和农村基本法》及启示

日本政府2015年推出了《食品、农业和农村基本法》的第四次修订,以保证粮食供应和食品安全;推动集约化农业经营,保障农业收入稳定;推动农产品出口和农业技术创新;改善补贴政策,稳定农村人口作为下一阶段日本兴农政策的核心内容。我国农业发展面临许多与日本相似的问题,如农业经营规模小、效率低,务农收入低、人口显著减少等。在我国城镇化和农村劳动力老年化加速的背景下,分析和借鉴日本最新的兴农政策,提出对我国农业政策的若干启示:1以我国近期最新颁布的《食品安全法》和农药残留、化肥实施等国家标准的落实、健全为法制保障基础,推进农业标准化生产和规范化经营管理、建立食品生产全程可追溯机制、加强省县乡三级农产品和食品监测检验能力建设,以尽快提升我国食品安全水平;以培育需求和引导兴趣、技术支持、市场协助建设为手段,激励农户和消费者自主投入生态农业发展。2重点完善国家层面的发展战略统筹和政治、经贸、投资谈判支持,依靠政府的强力支持推动已起步的"一带一路"食品与农业投资发展势头,以壮大我国农产食品出口和农业海外发展。3近期以加强土地流转监管法律政策和财政金融配套扶持政策的建设为主,使支持力度集中于土地实际经营者,以有效提升新型规模化农业经营主体的数量和质量。4将农业补贴由集中于农业生产补贴向兼顾农户收入保障和生态保护、农业发展转移,将农户收入保障形式由财政补贴向保险保障转变,以求农业补贴和保险更高效、长久地兼顾农户收入保障和支持引领农业发展。     

论排污许可证制度对点源排放控制政策的整合

中国水污染防治政策很多,包括环境影响评价、"三同时"、排污收费等,但各项政策基本是分散和独立执行的,没有核心和基础的政策,不成体系,缺乏效率。基于排污许可证作为政府的执法文件的角度,论证了将分散的点源排放控制政策围绕排污许可证整合为系统的排放控制政策体系。中国已具备实施排污许可证制度的基础条件,以排污许可证制度为基础的政策整合对现有点源排放控制政策进行了修改、补充和改进,将其整合为一个系统的点源排放控制政策体系,使各级管理部门可以各司其职,协调合作;协调整合不同类型的政策手段,使命令控制、经济激励和劝说鼓励3类手段相互补充,进一步提高政策执行效率,降低政策执行成本,提高排放控制政策效果、效率,降低执法和守法成本。     

日本的城市环境问题及其改善过程：政策和规划视角研究

日本是亚洲最先城市化的国家,目前已有86%的人口生活在城市行政区范围内。在城市化的进程中,日本曾出现过各种各样的环境问题,经过半个多世纪的努力,现在的城市生活环境不仅得到根本改善,而且在资源循环利用和低碳社会建设等方面也做出引人注目的成绩。本文从日本城市规划制度和环境政策演变角度,分阶段介绍自1950年以来的城市环境问题、环境法律和有关城市规划建设的政策,逐步展开日本改善城市生活环境、保护地球自然环境的过程,尤其注重从生态城市到低碳社会转型发展的最近政策动向。     

Pathway and policy analysis to China’s deep decarbonization

The Paris Agreement marks the beginning of a new era in the global response to climate change, which further clarifies the long-term goal and underlines the urgency addressing climate change. For China, promoting the decoupling between economic growth and carbon emissions as soon as possible is not only the core task of achieving the medium- and long-term goals and strategies to address climate change, but also the inevitable requirement for ensuring the sustainable development of economy and society. Based on the analysis of the historical trends of the economy and social development, as well as society, energy consumption, and key end-use sectors in China, this paper studies the deep carbon emission reduction potential of carbon emission of in energy, industry, building, and transportation and other sectors with “bottom-up” modeling analysis and proposes a medium- and long-term deep decarbonization pathway based on key technologies’ mitigation potentials for China. It is found that under deep decarbonization pathway, China will successfully realize the goals set in China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of achieving carbon emissions peak around 2030 and lowering carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60–65% from the 2005 level. From 2030 onward, the development of nonfossil energy will further accelerates, and the share of nonfossil energies in primary energy will amounts to about 44% by 2050. Combined with the acceleration of low-carbon transformation in end-use sectors including industry, building, and transportation, the carbon dioxide emissions in 2050 will fall to the level before 2005, and the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will decreases by more than 90% from the 2005 level. To ensure the realization of the deep decarbonization pathway, this paper puts forward policy recommendations from four perspectives, including intensifying the total carbon dioxide emissions cap and strengthening the related institutional systems and regulations, improving the incentive policies for industrial low-carbon development, enhancing the role of the market mechanism, and advocating low-carbon life and consumption patterns.     

Identifying the roots of Green Civil War over utility-scale solar energy projects on public lands across the American Southwest

Utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development is an emerging cause of land use change across the American Southwest. Many proposed projects in the region have encountered resistance from environmental groups because of concern about endangered, threatened, and special status species. Projects have also faced resistance from impacted local communities and Native American tribes. This research documents land use conflicts that surfaced during the initial wave of USSE development from 2009 to 2015. The goal is to identify potential roots of land use conflict over renewable energy development, to help explain why there is consistent support for renewables in general, but widespread opposition to projects during the proposal and development stages. The primary data presented include public comments to formal rule-making processes, semi-structured interviews conducted from 2009 to 2013, and various media sources. The paper concludes describing emerging planning frameworks that identify sites for USSE with fewer land use conflicts.     

亲贫式增长刍议:论少数民族地区的扶贫政策取向

考察了经济增长和扶贫政策之间的跨国证据,突出了区域差异和国家经验这两个层面上形成的促进共同发展的多样性。对亲贫式增长的定义表明经济增长和扶贫这两个发展战略之间可能存在一种权衡问题。跨国证据表明,平均收入增长率和低收入者的收入增长率之间关系的巨大差异性,使得扶贫战略完全基于经济增长政策的论断存在争议。持续的快速增长显然有益于贫困人口,但是,如果整体的快速经济增长伴随着收入分配的缓慢恶化,这对贫困人口的福利比对经济增长影响更大。如果一国总体处于低增长环境,那么经济增长将难以获得贫困人口的支持。同时面向经济增长和旨在明确经济增长所带来的好处的混合策略被证明在实现持续减贫中可能是最为成功的。研究认为,在中国长期高速经济增长的支撑下,少数民族地区在收入改善和贫困人口数量显著减少方面取得了另世人瞩目的成就,为促进经济增长的倡导者和干预式扶贫的拥护者提供了实践支持。然而,普适的经济增长有利于贫困人口,但不会以相同的程度发生在少数民族地区。显然,一项公共政策更关注经济增长是必要的,但也同时必须关注经济增长所带来的收益是否会反映在提供贫困人口收入和贫困人口不可能轻易放弃的福祉上。针对于少数民族地区最有效的发展政策,是那些主张共同发展和利用公共政策创造增长的战略,同时还有利于贫困人口的共同参与,以确保他们成为积极的参与者和增长的受益者。自然资源收益管理,原生态农产品开发和区域经济带建设被列为促进这种增长战略实施的三个最有前途的领域。