Amperometric Detection of Pesticides Using Polymer Electrodes

Abstact The real time monitoring of some organophosphorus based pesticides is of great concern to environmentalists because the widespread use of pesticides is causing severe health hazards to all living beings and also hampering our ecological balance. The traditional methods of measurement of pesticide residues are time consuming, need sample pre-treatment, and lack desired specificity and accuracy. We have developed an amperometric biosensor for indirect measurement of the pesticide concentration precisely in ppb level. The method is based on the action of two enzymes namely acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase which are uniquely immobilized in a polymeric porous network directly on the working electrode of a screen-printed sensor. Polyacrylamide matrix has been prepared by copolymerisation of acrylamide andN,N′-methylenebisacrylamide using Potassium peroxodisulphate (K₂S₂O₈) as initiator. A linear relationship was obtained between the range of 0 to 10 ppb.     

复合絮凝剂Al2(SO4)3+PAM处理生活污水中CODCr和浊度的实验研究

研究絮凝剂硫酸铝Al2(SO4)3与助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)联合处理生活污水的效果。研究表明:Al2(SO4)3与PAM联用比单独用Al2(SO4)3处理生活污水效果更好;Al2(SO4)3 PAM对生活污水CODCr和浊度具有良好的去除能力;当投加1:1的50mg/L的Al2(SO4)3 0.5mg/L的PAM,调节水体pH=7时,处理效果最理想,CODCr去除率可达95.8%,浊度去除率可达97.5%。为复合絮凝剂Al2(SO4)3 PAM处理生活污水的应用提供了有价值的参考依据。     

低浓度范围内聚丙烯酰胺在黏土矿物上的吸附特征

用酰胺基团溴化后碘化镉-淀粉显色分光光度法测定了在0～50mg/L低浓度范围内聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在高岭土和蒙脱土上的吸附等温线,并考察了电解质浓度和类型对吸附的影响.结果表明,PAM在黏土矿物上有很强的吸附亲合力,吸附等温线为Langmuir型.电解质能大大增强PAM在黏土矿物上的吸附,其中二价离子比一价阳离子更有效.电解质浓度较低时,PAM分子主要以链序态吸附,电解质浓度较高时以链环态、链端态吸附的数量逐渐增多.PAM的吸附只限制在层状黏土矿物的外表面上.在Na⁺介质中,PAM在两种黏土矿物上的吸附量差别不大;而在Ca²⁺介质中,蒙脱土悬浮颗粒产生分裂,为PAM的吸附提供新的外表面积,PAM的吸附量大大高于在高岭土上的吸附量,前者约是后者的2～3倍.     

反相乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其絮凝性能评价

研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度、引发剂用量等因素对所制备的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘度、转化率、阳离子度的影响,并对产品的污水絮凝性能进行了评价。较佳的制备条件为:单体浓度为45%,单体配比为7∶3,引发剂用量m(引发剂)/m(单体)为0.5%,引发温度为45℃。用红外光谱对共聚物进行了结构表征,结果表明聚合物中有六元氮杂环的存在,达到预定要求。对共聚物进行了油田污水絮凝性能评价,研究表明单独使用自制阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)时浊度的去除率为86.22%,COD去除率为87.95%,与聚合氯化铝复配使用时浊度去除率提高到92.91%,COD去除率提高到92.68%。     

O3氧化法和O3-H2O2氧化法去除水中聚丙烯酰胺

采用O3氧化法和O3-H2O2氧化法去除水中的聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）,分别考察了反应时间、O3质量浓度、n（H2O2）∶n（O3）和溶液pH对PAM去除效果的影响。实验结果表明：O3氧化的最佳操作条件为反应时间30 min、O3质量浓度22.6 mg/L、溶液pH 8.5,O3-H2O2氧化的最佳操作条件为反应时间10 min、O3质量浓度22.6 mg/L、n（H2O2）∶n（O3）=0.1、溶液pH 8.5;在最佳操作条件下,O3氧化和O3-H2O2氧化均可有效降低PAM溶液的黏度和PAM质量浓度,但对COD的去除效果不佳,黏度可降至和蒸馏水相近,PAM的去除率可达80%以上,而COD的去除率分别约为15%和28%;O3-H2O2氧化后的PAM比O3氧化后的PAM更容易被微生物利用,两种氧化预处理方法均有利于后续的生化处理。     

絮凝与生物强化组合技术处理油田含聚污水

针对河南油田采油污水,室内选择4种常用无机絮凝剂与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)复配,筛选出最佳的絮凝剂用量:聚合氯化铝(PAC)用量为300 mg/L,CPAM用量为10 mg/L。研究了投加HPAM降解菌对油田含聚污水中COD的去除效果,优选出2株以聚合物(HPAM)为唯一碳源的降解菌,通过分子生物学16SrDNA鉴定,XL-1和XL-2菌分别为苏云金芽孢杆菌和溶血不动杆菌。实验结果表明,在温度为30℃,pH为7.5,降解72 h的条件下,XL-1菌的B/C增大了0.11,COD去除率提高了11.03%;XL-2菌的B/C增大了0.07,COD去除率提高了6.3%。油田污水经絮凝-生物强化组合工艺处理后,出水COD平均值为77.1 mg/L,总去除率为73.2%,絮凝段和生化段工艺的COD去除率分别为54.1%和19.1%,达到《污水综合排放标准(GB/T 8978-1996)》排放标准。     

PAAm/HACC半互穿网络水凝胶的制备及其对水中腐殖酸的吸附性能

采用原位聚合热合成法成功制备了聚丙烯酰胺-壳聚糖季铵盐半互穿网络水凝胶(PAAm/HACC semi-IPN)新型吸附剂(s-IPN 1.5)和(s-IPN 3),并用于吸附水体中的腐殖酸.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)等方法对吸附剂的结构进行表征.考察了溶液pH、离子强度、接触时间、腐殖酸初始浓度及温度等对吸附剂吸附腐殖酸的影响.结果表明s-IPN 3的吸附效果要优于s-IPN 1.5.吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,随温度的升高而增大,且一定的离子强度有助于吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附.吸附过程能较好地用准二级动力学模型及Sips等温模型进行拟合.吸附剂在pH 7.0,离子强度0.01 mol·L-1,温度为298 K条件下的最大吸附量可高达238.08 mg·g-1,吸附效果显著,能有效去除水体中的腐殖酸.     

应用聚丙烯酰胺对市政污泥脱水性能影响的研究

简述了污泥调理方法和调理剂的分类,分析论述了污泥调理时应注意的各种影响因素;污泥调理剂应以脱水性能好、用量少、产生二次污染小为优选.通过对市政污泥进行絮凝过滤试验,研究三种类型聚丙烯酰胺对污泥脱水性能的影响.试验结果表明:当阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加率为0.03%时,污泥脱水性能最好,过滤水量达65.3 ml,抽滤泥饼含水率最小,为71.8%;阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加率为0.05%时,污泥脱水性能最好,过滤水量达66.1 ml,抽滤泥饼含水率为72.5%;非离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加率为0.06%时,污泥脱水性能最好,过滤水量达65.2 ml,抽滤泥饼含水率为74.1%.证明了对有机物含量高的市政污泥,宜选聚合度较高的阳离子型有机高分子调理剂,其消耗量少,调理效果好.     

Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)对聚丙烯酰胺在高岭土絮凝过程中作用的影响

在实验条件下,Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)离子对高岭土的絮凝过程有不利影响,且pH越高Ca~(2+)的影响越大,pH越低,Al~(3+)的影响越大.运用分子轨道(MO)理论、溶液化学计算、电子探针测试等手段,研究探讨了其作用机理.认为在酸性和中性范围内,Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)离子及它们的羟基络合正离子与聚丙烯酰胺之间的相互作用造成后者分子链发生卷曲,导致絮凝效果下降;而在pH>9范围内,Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)的氢氧化物沉积在高岭土表面,阻碍或抑制了聚丙烯酰胺与高岭土之间的氢键作用.     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.