Metagenomic insights into responses of microbial population and key functional genes to fulvic acid during partial nitritation

The long-term impact of fulvic acid (FA) on partial nitritation (PN) system was initially examined in this study. The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR nearly 100%) and ammonium removal rate (ARR 56.85%), while FA over 50 mg/L decreased ARR from 56.85% to 0.7%. Sludge characteristics analysis found that appropriate FA (<50 mg/L) exposure promoted the settling performance and granulation of PN sludge by removing Bacteroidetes and accumulating Chloroflexi. The analysis of metagenomics suggested that the presence of limited FA (0-50 mg/L) stimulated the generation of NADH, which favors the denitrification and nitrite reduction. The negative impact of FA on the PN system could be divided into two stages. Initially, limited FA (50-120 mg/L) was decomposed by Anaerolineae to stimulate the growth and propagation of heterotrophic bacteria (Thauera). Increasing heterotrophs competed with AOB (Nitrosomonas) for dissolved oxygen, causing AOB to be eliminated and ARR to declined. Subsequently, when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L, Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced, resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered. Nevertheless, the ammonium transformation pathway was suppressed because genes amoABC and hao were obviously reduced, leading to the deterioration of reactor performance. Overall, these results provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of PN for the treatment of FA-containing sewage.     

沉积物中Pb和Cd对泥鳅的毒性效应及其基准阈值的验证

为探讨沉积物中AVS(acid volatile sulfide,酸挥发性硫化物)和SEM(simultaneously extracted metals,同时提取金属)对重金属生物有效性和基准验证的影响,以泥鳅为受试生物,以死亡率、鳃部渗血率和体质量变化为测试终点,研究了沉积物和上覆水中重金属Pb、Cd对底栖生物的毒性效应,并对文献中Pb、Cd沉积物基准阈值进行了验证. 结果表明:沉积物中Pb、Cd对泥鳅21 d的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度)分别为391、37.0 mg/kg;上覆水中ρ(Pb2+)和ρ(Cd2+)较低,对生物毒性效应贡献可以忽略. 经验证,Pb和Cd的TEL(threshold effect level,临界效应浓度)和PEL(probable effect level,必然效应浓度)基本符合其所代表的意义,Pb、Cd加标浓度(以w计)低于其对应的TEL时不具有毒性,高于其对应的PEL时具有明显毒性,介于二者之间时毒性不确定. SEM/AVS(物质的量比)和生物死亡率有明显的相关性,当该比值大于1.00时,重金属对泥鳅有明显的毒性效应.      

用热解石墨管和锆＋酒石酸改进剂测定环境样品中锡

本文提出了一种新的混合改进剂（锆＋酒石酸）,能有效消除高氯酸、硝酸以及各种基体的干扰,比较了各原子化温度时理论和实验特征量,使解热石墨管可可能用于石墨炉原子吸收法测定各种环境样品中的锡,准确度和精度优于８％。     

LONGITUDINAL AND SEASONAL WATER CHEMISTRY VARIATIONS IN A NORTHERN APPALACHIAN STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Quaker Run, a fourth order stream located in southwestern New York State, exhibits a highly unusual chemical gradient along its upper reaches. Weekly water samples showed an increase in the mean annual pH from 5.07 to 7.01 along a stretch of only 2.2 km. Mean alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen, silica, and conductivity also increased appreciably over this distance. The study area receives some of the most highly acidic atmospheric deposition in the United States. Minimal buffering of these acidic inputs in the extreme upper watershed, and an abrupt downstream increase in buffering associated with changes in soil type, apparently produce the observed streamwater chemistry gradient. In contrast, a comparison between 11 midstream, downstream, and tributary sites showed relatively little variation in streamwater chemistry. In addition to the pronounced longitudinal chemistry changes along the upper portion of the stream, pronounced temporal chemistry variations were also observed at all sampling sites. High flow during snowmelt and heavy rains produced more dilute, acidic conditions, while streamwater pH and dissolved base cations were generally highest during low flow. Much of this temporal variation in streamwater chemistry is attributed to seasonal variation in residence times of soil water.     

表面活性剂及酸处理对污泥脱水性能影响的研究

研究表面活性剂和酸处理对污泥脱水性能的影响，并探讨其作用机理。对采用最优加药量的各种加药方案进行了从污泥性质到脱水行为的一系列横向比较。污泥性质的比较依据为絮体颗粒的宏观(目测)和微观(光学和电子显微镜)变化以及在结合水含量(DSC法测)方面的变化。脱水行为的比较依据为过滤脱水速率(比阻)、离心脱水速率(1800rpm-2min离心后的泥饼含固率)、脱水程度(4800rpm～45min离心后的泥饼含固率)及脱水清液的性质(目测及测定SS、COD、TP)。实验结果表明：除了表面活性剂与Fe^3 和CaO联用外，投加表面活性剂或酸处理对提高污泥脱水速率的意义不大，但却能有效提高污泥的机械脱水程度。表面活性剂的作用机理是：分散作用使污泥絮体结构分散解体，释放出原絮体内部的结合水；增溶作用可溶解有高度水合作用的ECP。酸处理的作用机理是：H^ 与污泥的结合，改变了污泥的表面电荷特性，促进了污泥絮体间进一步的絮凝；使ECP水解，降低了絮体对水的亲和力。     

我国东北地区地表水酸化现状

2011年8月对我国东北地区东部的溪流进行采样调查,以评价地表水的酸化现状.通过对采集的33个水体pH值和酸中和容量(ANC)的分析发现,只有长白山上少数溪流的pH值低于6.0,而所有采样水体的ANC均高于0.2 meq.L-1,说明该地区尚未大面积发生地表水酸化问题.离子浓度分析结果表明,HCO3-是水体中最主要的阴离子,而SO24-浓度往往小于150μeq.L-1,NO3-浓度更是远低于SO24-,这说明该地区酸沉降污染较轻.但是,东北地区广泛分布着风化速率较低的酸性森林土壤,导致一些水体缓冲酸沉降的能力较弱,水体酸化的可能性仍然存在.以此类推,东北亚目前的酸沉降水平尚不足以产生严重的地表水酸化问题,周边国家不应过分夸大我国排放酸性气体的越境输送导致的环境影响.     

模拟酸雨对福州平原水稻田温室气体排放的影响

农田生态系统是温室气体的重要排放源,研究酸雨对水稻田温室气体排放及其综合增温潜势的影响,对我国酸雨背景下农田生态系统固碳减排具有重要的现实意义.本文以福州平原水稻田为研究区,通过模拟酸雨探讨其对水稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量及其综合增温潜势的影响.结果表明:模拟酸雨并未显著改变早、晚稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放的季节变化规律,但降低了其排放通量.与对照组相比,pH=4.5酸雨作用下,早稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O平均排放通量依次降低11.54%、133.33%和22.22%,晚稻田CO_2和N_2O平均排放通量依次降低39.53%、156.00%,而CH_4平均排放通量与对照组差异不显著;pH=3.5酸雨作用下,早稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O平均排放通量分别降低10.82%、75.00%、54.00%,晚稻田平均排放通量分别降低17.32%、20.00%和197.67%.综合增温潜势表明,CO_2的增温潜势显著高于CH_4和N_2O,是稻田生态系统中温室效应的主要温室气体,在pH=4.5和pH=3.5的酸雨作用下,早、晚稻田生态系统温室气体综合增温潜势均降低.     

一个远距离输送-化学转化模式及其在酸雨研究中的应用

建立了一个将空气污染物远距离输送和大气边界层内气相化学反应模式相结合的拉格朗日模式,并应用于华南的酸雨研究.观测的SO_2浓度及硫酸盐浓度与计算结果比较,效果较好.     

A theoretical study of hydrogen-bonded molecular clusters of sulfuric acid and organic acids with amides

Amides, a series of significant atmospheric nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can participate in new particle formation (NPF) throught interacting with sulfuric acid (SA) and organic acids. In this study, we investigated the molecular interactions of formamide (FA), acetamide (AA), N-methylformamide (MF), propanamide (PA), N-methylacetamide (MA), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with SA, acetic acid (HAC), propanoic acid (PAC), oxalic acid (OA), and malonic acid (MOA). Global minimum of clusters were obtained through the association of the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The conformational analysis, thermochemical analysis, frequency analysis, and topological analysis were conducted to determine the interactions of hydrogen-bonded molecular clusters. The heterodimers formed a hepta or octa membered ring through four different types of hydrogen bonds, and the strength of the bonds are ranked in the following order: SOH???O > COH???O > NH???O > CH???O. We also evaluated the stability of the clusters and found that the stabilization effect of amides with SA is weaker than that of amines with SA but stronger than that of ammonia (NH₃) with SA in the dimer formation of nucleation process. Additionally, the nucleation capacity of SA with amides is greater than that of organic acids with amides.     

武昌珞珈山酸雨监测研究

本文报导了自１９９１年１月－１２月及１９９４年１月－７月收集到的５９个珞珈山雨样进行监测的结果。结果表明每年的春季和冬季出现酸雨。酸雨是典型的由燃煤引起的硫酸型酸雨．酸雨的出现同该地区大气污染的状况相吻合。