聚合物驱注入液黏度稳定剂研究进展

油田采出水中影响聚合物溶液黏度的主要因素有金属离子、还原性物质、细菌等,次要影响因素有pH值、溶解氧、含油量、悬浮固体、残余聚合物、残余化学剂等。针对以上影响因素,可通过投加适宜的化学剂来消除影响,从而控制聚合物溶液的黏度损失。根据作用机理,目前常用的黏度稳定剂可分为水质改性型和黏度稳定型两种,对造成黏度损失的主要因素可投加水质改性型药剂、对溶解氧等问题可投加黏度稳定型药剂来降低黏度损失。此外,不同单剂组合的复配可通过协同作用有效地提高药剂效果,复合型药剂的应用前景将更为广阔。     

Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health?

Floods are the most common type of natural disaster in both developed and developing countries and have led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Worldwide, over the past 30 years, flooding has claimed the lives of more than 200,000 people and affected more than 2.8 billion others. The impact of flooding on health varies among populations and depends primarily on vulnerability and the kind of event experienced. It severely disrupts livelihoods and has a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and children. In addition, it may exacerbate a range of negative psychological and physiological child and reproductive health outcomes. Awareness‐raising, education, and the issuing of warnings appear to be key initiatives to mitigate or prevent flood morbidity and mortality, especially among people living in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Agencies responding to emergencies also need to be more cognisant of the dangers, specifically those engaged in healthcare, nutrition, and water safety programmes.     

基于SVM的CO2驱油藏输油管道脆弱性评价研究

CO2驱油在全国范围内的广泛开展导致内外扰动对输油管道的威胁大大增加,为指导企业发现输油管道的薄弱点从而预防事故发生,提出CO2驱油藏输油管道脆弱性概念及研究思路。将脆弱性分为5个等级并确定各级脆弱性的取值范围。深入分析脆弱性要素,从致灾因子、承灾体和灾害响应3个方面建立脆弱性评价指标体系,并确定各等级脆弱性对应的指标范围。利用MATLAB R2013a的SVM回归方法,构建脆弱性评价模型并进行实例应用。结果表明:模型训练的输出与期望输出拟合较好,均方误差为9.98052×10-7;训练好的SVM模型具有较强的泛化能力和较高的准确性,其对检验样本脆弱性进行预测的最大相对误差为0.027。利用模型得到研究区域某输油管道的脆弱性值为0.381,其脆弱性程度为不太脆弱。     

不同氧化法对模拟聚合物驱废水降黏效果的影响

分别采用UV-Fenton试剂氧化法、次氯酸钙氧化法和二氧化氯氧化法处理模拟聚合物驱废水,考察了各工艺条件对废水降黏效果的影响。实验结果表明:在初始废水pH为7、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为20 min的条件下,UV-Fenton试剂氧化法适宜的H2O2加入量为1 mmol/L,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)=10,处理后废水降黏率达65.7%;次氯酸钙氧化法适宜的次氯酸钙加入量为500 mg/L,处理后废水降黏率达81.7%;二氧化氯氧化法适宜的二氧化氯加入量为100 mg/L,处理后废水降黏率为40.9%。3种氧化法对模拟聚合物驱废水的降黏率大小顺序为:次氯酸钙氧化法>UV-Fenton试剂氧化法>二氧化氯氧化法。     

异烟酸铜磁力搅拌微固相萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃

建立了膜保护异烟酸铜微固相萃取的样品前处理方法,并采用气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器对土壤中的痕量荧蒽(Flt)、苯并［b］荧蒽(BbF)、苯并［k］荧蒽(BkF)、苯并［a］芘(BaP)进行了测定. 考察了水温、萃取时间和超声洗脱时间等对萃取效果的影响. 结果表明:在最佳试验条件下,Flt的检出限为1.0 ng/g;BbF,BkF和BaP的检出限为2.5 ng/g. Flt的线性范围为2.5～500.0 ng/g;BbF,BkF和BaP的线性范围均为12.5～500.0 ng/g. 相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.4%～13.7%(n9). 采用该方法分析了2种实际土壤中的4种多环芳烃,回收率为34%～90%.      

Manipulation of density and viscosity for the optimization of DNAPL recovery by alcohol flooding

Laboratory experiments demonstrate that in situ recovery of pooled tetrachloroethene (PCE) from porous media may be accomplished more efficiently using multiple-step alcohol floods than with single alcohol floods. To optimize flooding efficiency while maintaining a low risk of downward DNAPL mobilization, a three-step flooding process is developed employing an isobutanol preflood, a composite alcohol mainflood, and a polymer solution postflood. The density and viscosity of these solutions are manipulated to prevent the onset and propagation of viscous and gravitational fingers, while maintaining phase behavior critical for efficient miscible NAPL displacement. An aqueous partitioning preflood solution of 10% by volume (10% v) isobutanol reduces the NAPL density in situ to approximately 1.00 g/ml by swelling the NAPL prior to miscible displacement induced by the mainflood. The composite alcohol mainflood, containing 65% v ethylene glycol and 35% v 1-propanol maintains miscibility while achieving neutral buoyancy and near stable displacement of the NAPL. Aqueous solutions of xanthan gum polymer efficiently displace the mainflood, reducing viscous fingering associated with waterfloods. Two-dimensional experiments using the multiple-step technique achieve 99.8% DNAPL mass recovery using a total of 0.45 pore volumes of alcohol, illustrating greater recovery efficiency than previous alcohol flooding formulations under comparable conditions.     

接枝羧基淀粉对贵金属离子吸附性能研究

研究了接枝羧基淀粉（ＩＳＣ）对贵金属离子Ａｇ（Ⅰ）,Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）的静态吸附性能和选择性及介质的ＰＨ对其吸附性能的影响,利用接枝羧基淀粉与Ａｇ（Ⅰ）形成螯合物的红外光谱和Ｘ－射线光电子能谱数据（ＸＰＳ）探讨了其吸附作用机理。     

不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统对污染物的去除效果

通过对4种不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统处理新沂河河水的中试研究表明,在CODMn和NH 4-N进水浓度相同条件下,香蒲湿地系统出水CODMn平均浓度最低,仅为13.44 mg/L;美人蕉湿地系统出水NH 4-N平均浓度最低,仅为1.75 mg/L;香蒲和美人蕉湿地系统对CODMn的平均去除率都达到40%以上,而千屈菜和水葱湿地系统都低于30%;美人蕉、香蒲和千屈菜湿地系统对NH 4-N的平均去除率都达到65%以上,而水葱系统则低于60%.综合比较,香蒲和美人蕉湿地系统的净化能力较强.4种植物中水葱耐淹能力最强,完全淹水22 d以上依然生长良好;千屈菜耐淹能力最弱,完全淹水7 d后就开始枯萎,17 d后地上、地下部分全部死亡.     

不同交联剂制备的环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物的结构及脱色性能

以环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺为原料,加入不同的胺类交联剂(乙二胺、二乙烯三胺和三乙烯四胺)合成出一系列环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物(EPI-DMA).研究了交联剂及用量对产品特性的影响;利用红外光谱(IR)和电子透射电镜(TEM)等现代分析仪器研究了EPI-DMA的结构及在水中的聚集形态;并通过烧杯实验研究了EPI-DMA对染料模拟废水和实际印染废水的处理效果.结果表明,交联剂的加入使EPI-DMA的粘度和阳离子度发生变化;不同交联剂制备的EPI-DMA的IR谱图相差不大,但在水溶液中的结构形貌不相同;EPI-DMA处理模拟活性艳红废水时以电中和和吸附架桥为作用机理,在处理还原大红废水时以电中和作用为主;在用EPI-DMA处理实际废水时脱色率和COD的去除率分别可达80%和60%.     

Preparation and characterization of organic polymer modified composite polyaluminum chloride

Compared with traditional aluminum salts, polyaluminum chloride （PACI） has better coagulation-flocculation performance in turbidity removal. However, it is still inferior to organic polymers in terms of bridging function. In order to improve the aggregating property of PACl, different composite PACl flocculants were prepared with various organic polymers. The effect of organic polymer on the distribution or Al（Ⅲ） species in composite flocculants was studied using ^27TAl NMR and Al-ferron complexation methods. The charge neutralization and surface adsorption characteristics of composite flocculants were also investigated. Jar tests were conducted to evaluate the turbidity removal efficacy of organic polymer modified composite flocculants. The study shows that cationic polymer and anionic polymer have significant influences on the coagulation-flocculation behaviors of PACl. Both cationic and anionic polymers can improve the turbidity removal performancc of PACl but the mechanisms arc much different： cationic organic polymer mainly increases the charge neutralization ability, but anionic polymer mainly enhances the bridging function.