新型甲醛捕获剂的合成及其捕获性能研究

游离甲醛是室内空气中最主要的污染物之一,对人体造成的危害越来越受到关注.因此,研制新型甲醛捕获剂及其捕获性能具有重要的实际意义.采用亲水性单体丙烯酰胺和亲油性单体苯乙烯为反应物,以氧化还原引发剂,经霍夫曼降解反应合成了含氨基的两亲性共聚物.通过单因素实验考察了不同原料比、引发剂剂量时所合成的产物对人造板游离甲醛捕获率的影响,然后根据单因素实验的结果设计正交试验以优化合成条件.结果表明:苯乙烯单体和丙烯酰胺单体的摩尔比为1:3,引发剂与单体摩尔比为9%,丙烯酰胺单体和NaClO的摩尔比为1:1.2时产品捕获率最好,可达60.40%.实验合成的两亲性共聚物在常温下不挥发,相对稳定而且捕获效果较好,是一种理想的新型甲醛捕获剂.     

含聚合物污水回注时污染地层的主要物质分析

笔者系统分析了大庆油田南三区东部聚合物驱产出水处理前后原油、聚合物、固体悬浮物、无机离子和细菌等成分的含量及其固体悬浮物颗粒直径大小与分布,并且对该区聚合物驱产出水主要特征进行了总结,在此基础上,根据油层损害机理并且结合该区油层的孔渗特征,研究和确定了污染物质。得出结论:聚合物驱产出水中硫酸盐还原菌是主要污染物质,此外,向萨葡油层的低、中渗层及高台子油层回注时,固体悬浮物和原油也是主要污染物质,而聚合物仅对低渗层造成损害;常规处理方法对污水中原油处理效果最好,而对PAM和固体悬浮物处理不太理想。      

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的有机物吸收及胞内储存特性

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),在乙酸钠、葡萄糖及葡萄糖-乙酸钠混合基质条件下均培养出了稳定的聚糖菌颗粒污泥.通过对典型周期有机物、磷酸盐、胞内糖原及聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)变化的测定分析,证明有机基质的种类对于聚糖菌能量利用模式、有机物吸收速率及胞内储存物质种类具有显著的影响.污泥初始胞内糖原水平是有机物吸收数量及吸收速率的关键影响因素,当糖原水平低于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率与糖原水平直接相关:而糖原水平高于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率趋于稳定.不同糖原水平污泥厌氧吸收有机物的速率具有明显差异,在厌氧初期有机物快速吸收阶段,有机物厌氧吸收速率随胞内糖原水平升高而增加.     

分子印迹技术在环境科学领域中的应用

分子印迹技术（MIT）是一门新兴的边缘科学技术,它的产生与发展为环境科学打开了又一视角。介绍了MIT的产生与发展及基本原理,综述了MIT在环境科学领域中的应用,主要包括MIT在固相萃取、膜分离、色谱分析、传感器及分子印迹聚合物作为催化剂在环境修复中的应用。     

Method for Rapidly Assessing the Overtopping Risk of Bridges Due to Flooding over a Large Geographic Region

Hydraulic events are a leading cause of bridge failures. While these hydraulic events are accounted for in bridge design, changing environmental and land use conditions require continual updating of this risk. For example, after a bridge has been constructed, streamflow can change in unanticipated ways as a result of land use changes, geomorphic changes, and climate change. The objective of this research was to create a screening method able to quickly and inexpensively estimate overtopping risk across a collection of bridges based on the current streamflow conditions. The method uses a geographic information system, nationally available and standardized datasets, and recent regression equations to quantify bridge vulnerability to overtopping for flooding with varying return periods. This screening method could also be used to assist decision makers in updating the Waterway Adequacy field in the National Bridge Inventory, which indicates the overtopping risk of bridges. The method was applied to a portion of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia, United States that includes 475 bridges. The results of the analysis, when combined with transportation data for bridges, aid decision makers to assign further resources to complete more detailed analyses of bridges identified as being at risk for overtopping.     

非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能

以丙烯酰胺（AM）和烷基酚聚醚（APAP）为单体,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了流动性好的非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂（PAM-APAP）。考察了乳化剂和引发剂的种类、单体总质量分数、单体配比和反应温度等因素对聚合反应的影响。实验结果表明,制备PAM-APAP的最佳工艺条件为：单体总质量分数35%、m（AM）∶m（APAP）=9.0∶1.0、Span80+Tween80复配乳化剂加入量为油水总质量的7%、m（Span80）∶m（Tween80）=7.0∶1.5、V50加入量为单体总质量的1.5‰、反应温度50℃。PAM-APAP具有较好的絮凝效果,与其他絮凝剂相比用量较少,在加入量为100mg/L时,对聚合物驱油中产生的含聚合物污水的浊度去除率为87.9%,去油率为89.5%,且絮体不黏壁。     

以聚己内酯作为生物反硝化固体碳源的研究

为解决水体因低碳氮比而导致脱氮效率差的问题,将颗粒聚己内酯(PCL)重新塑形为阶梯环状,研究其作为反硝化过程的生物膜载体与固相碳源的反硝化性能。结果表明,在静态实验中,平均反硝化速率为8.57 mg NO3-N/(L·h);反硝化过程为零级反应。连续填充床实验中,超过90%的硝酸盐可被去除,出水NO2-N质量浓度低于0.20 mg/L;出水NH3-N质量浓度略有上升;出水溶解性有机碳(DOC)先上升后降低至1 mg/L左右。电子扫描显微镜扫描显示,PCL阶梯环反应表面空隙率较高,表面生物膜以杆菌为主,反应后被明显腐蚀;液相色谱检测显示PCL阶梯环分子量反应前后略有下降,其结构未受到破坏;表明该材料适合作为反硝化反应的碳源的同时,又可以作为载体供微生物附着生长。     

回收与降解聚驱采出水的工艺探讨

含聚污水的处理是困扰石油行业的难题之一。基于聚驱采出水的特点,围绕聚合物的回收利用和降解理论及技术,探讨国内外含聚污水处理技术的研究与应用现状,对比分析现有处理技术存在的问题及适应性,提出采用化学混凝、气浮和水质改性等技术来回收利用PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)的新思路,打破了降解PAM的传统思维,同时分析含聚污水处理与利用技术的可行性与应用前景,有望实现含聚污水的循环利用。     

稠油火驱开采技术节能减排效果分析

火驱作为稠油热采的有效接替技术,与注蒸汽开采技术相比,具有采收率高,能耗低,CO_2排放少的优势。文章从火驱驱油机理特征阐述了火驱与注蒸汽技术的不同点,从燃料开采能耗、热效率、注入剂资源、数据对比四个方面分析火驱比注蒸汽热效率高,无燃料开采成本,能耗是注蒸汽的50%;从CO_2气体排放方式和排放量对比可知,火驱能够减少温室气体排放,为油田节能减排、环保生产起到积极作用。     

Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity,Flow Regime,and Scale1

Opperman, Jeffrey J., Ryan Luster, Bruce A. McKenney, Michael Roberts, and Amanda Wrona Meadows, 2010. Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):211-226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00426.x Abstract: This paper proposes a conceptual model that captures key attributes of ecologically functional floodplains, encompassing three basic elements: (1) hydrologic connectivity between the river and the floodplain, (2) a variable hydrograph that reflects seasonal precipitation patterns and retains a range of both high and low flow events, and (3) sufficient spatial scale to encompass dynamic processes and for floodplain benefits to accrue to a meaningful level. Although floodplains support high levels of biodiversity and some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, they are also among the most converted and threatened ecosystems and therefore have recently become the focus of conservation and restoration programs across the United States and globally. These efforts seek to conserve or restore complex, highly variable ecosystems and often must simultaneously address both land and water management. Thus, such efforts must overcome considerable scientific, technical, and socioeconomic challenges. In addition to proposing a scientific conceptual model, this paper also includes three case studies that illustrate methods for addressing these technical and socioeconomic challenges within projects that seek to promote ecologically functional floodplains through river-floodplain reconnection and/or restoration of key components of hydrological variability.