祁连山不同海拔土壤有机碳库及分解特征研究

依据三库一级动力学理论,通过室内土样培养实验,研究了祁连山不同海拔高度土壤总有机碳库(Csoc)、活性碳库(Ca)、缓效性碳库(Cs)和惰性碳库(Cr)特征及有机碳(SOC)的分解特征.结果表明,祁连山不同海拔A、B层土壤总有机碳库含量分别为7.606～89.026 g·kg-1,5.804～84.267 g·kg-1;活性碳库含量分别为0.180～1.328 g·kg-1,0.159～1.273g·kg-1;缓效性碳库含量分别为3.650～35.173 g·kg-1,3.703～43.623 g·kg-1;惰性碳含量分别为3.776～65.298 g·kg-1,1.942～48.121 g·kg-1.总有机碳库随海拔表现出"增加-减少-增加-减少"的变化趋势,3种组分碳库未表现出海拔高度上的明显变化规律,大致呈现中高海拔>高海拔>中低海拔.土壤总有机碳库和惰性碳库含量在海拔之间有极显著差异(P<0.01),缓效碳库有显著性差异(P<0.05),活性碳库间无显著性差异.培养结果显示土壤有机碳分解速率也未表现出随海拔高度的明显变化规律,与碳库变化几乎一致.不同海拔土壤有机碳日释放速率峰值与整个培养过程土壤有机碳释放速率变化一致,可以用以代表有机碳分解的快慢特征.活性碳库与有机碳日释放速率峰值满足线性关系(P<0.01).培养结果显示土壤有机碳按活性碳库、缓效性碳库、惰性碳库的顺序进行周转.多项式方程能很好表达有机碳累积释放量与时间的关系,三次多项式已能达到较好的精度(R2>0.99).     

Evidence for Ph Insensitivity in Some Insects Inhabiting Peat Pools in the Loch Fleet Catchment

The impact of liming on the insects associated with peat pools was studied in the Loch Fleet catchment in 1991 and 1992. Fifty-six taxa were identified from 121 timed samples. Despite the raised pH associated with liming in 1986, the population densities of Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera appeared to be unaffected when compared with those of untreated peat pools in the same area. the study demonstrated the existence of two main types of community, that of the steep-sided edges of pools, dominated by odonate nymphs and large species of beetles, and that of the shallower pools, dominated by Hydroporus species (Col., Dytiscidae).     

Comparative studies on utilizing nitrogen capacity between two macroalgae Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui (rhodophyta) and Ulva pertusa (chlorophyta). I. Nitrogen storage under nitrogen enrichment and starvation

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｍａｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｈａｓｏｆｔｅｎｂｅｅｎａｃｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｄｂｙｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｃａｕｓｅｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｔｕｒｎｌｉｍｉｔｓｉｔｓｏｗｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ (Ｃｏｈｅｎ ,1991;Ｔｒｏｅｌｌ,1997;Ｎａｙｌｏｒ,1998) .Ａｍｍｏｎｉａｉｓａｍａｊｏｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｏｆｔｈｅａｑｕａｔｉｃａｎｉｍａｌｍｅ…     

Gene expression changes in blood RNA after swimming in a chlorinated pool

Exposure to disinfection by-products(DBP) such as trihalomethanes(THM) in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, but their biological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Volunteers swam 40 min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Blood samples were drawn and four THM(chloroform,bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) were measured in exhaled breath before and after swimming. Intensity of physical activity was measured as metabolic equivalents(METs). Gene expression in whole blood m RNA was evaluated using Illumina Human HT-12v3 Expression-Bead Chip. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression changes and THM exposure. Thirty-seven before-after pairs were analyzed. The median increase from baseline to after swimming were: 0.7 to 2.3 for MET, and 1.4 to 7.1 μg/m~3 for exhaled total THM(sum of the four THM).Exhaled THM increased on average 0.94 μg/m~3 per 1 MET. While 1643 probes were differentially expressed post-exposure. Of them, 189 were also associated with exhaled levels of individual/total THM or MET after False Discovery Rate. The observed associations with the exhaled THM were low to moderate(Log-fold change range:-0.17 to 0.15). In conclusion, we identified short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a pool that were minor in magnitude and their biological meaning was unspecific. The high collinearity between exhaled THM levels and intensity of physical activity precluded mutually adjusted models with both covariates. These exploratory results should be validated in future studies.     

宁夏引黄灌区低洼盐碱荒地的开发利用方向研究

宁夏自治区引黄灌区有十几万ｈｍ２的低洼盐碱荒地资源,长期处于荒芜状态。本文试图通过对资源条件进行综合评价及对各种开发利用模式综合比较,提出目前最佳的利用方向是挖塘养鱼造台田,建立立体生态农业体系。这对于当地农村经济发展和西北地区渔业基地建设具有重大意义。     

超滤法处理低渗透油田回注污水的应用研究

用管式聚砜超滤膜分离装置现场处理采油污水，经过处理的污水达到了低渗透油田注水标准。在现场试验的基础上论述了超滤操作压力差、膜面流速对膜通量的影响，提出了清洗污染膜的方法，为进一步的工业试验装置设计提供了基础数据。     

Modeling of variations in nitrogen trichloride concentration over time in swimming pool water

In water, chlorine reacts with nitrogen-containing compounds to produce disinfection by-products such as nitrogen trichloride which induces ocular and respiratory irritations in swimming pool workers. This study proposes a model to predict variations in NCl₃ concentration over time in a traditional indoor swimming pool as a function of its operating parameters and attendance. The model was developed taking into consideration the reaction mechanisms, thermodynamic equilibria, physico-chemical properties, and transfer mechanisms occurring at the pool's surface. This model was validated through a robust series of experiments over two days and two nights in a real swimming pool. The model was found to satisfactorily predict variations over time in the concentrations of the chemical species investigated, including nitrogen trichloride. The work presented constitutes a first step to extend the model at different swimming pools. This approach may also be used to study the influence of the main operating parameters and to evaluate the impact of setting up water treatment systems on nitrogen trichloride concentration.     

Pools and Fluxes of Cations,Anions and Doc in Two Forest Soils Treated With Lime and Ash

The effect of liming and ash treatment on pools, fluxes and concentrations of major solutes was investigated at two forestedsites (Norway spruce) in S. Sweden. One site was treated 15 yrprior to sampling (Hasslöv-Hs; dolomite: 3.45 and 8.75 t ha^-1) and the other 4 yr before (Horröd-Hd; dolomite: 3.25 t ha^-1; wood ash: 4.28 t ha^-1). Effects of limingwere most pronounced in the O horizon solutions where higher pH,elevated Ca (120–700 M) and Mg (50–600 M) were observed as compared to control plots. The impact on the mineralsoil was more moderate. Soil solution concentrations were combined with modelled hydrological flow to calculate mass flows,which largely followed the trends of the solution composition. Liming also resulted in large increases of both exchangeable Caand Mg as well as effective cation exchange capacity (CEC_E;2–5 times the controls). The base saturation (BS%) was raised to 60–100% in the O horizon while in the mineral soil elevated values were only seen at the Hs site (20–60%; down to 10–15 cm depth for 8.75 t ha^-1). Ash treatment did notaffect either the soil solution nor the exchangeable pool to thesame extent as lime. In general, the impact at the Hd site was less pronounced especially in the mineral soil, which might be due to shorter treatment time (4 vs. 15 yr) and also differentthickness of the O horizon. Budget calculations for Ca and Mg originating from the lime showed that a major part of the Ca (40–100%) was retained in the top 30 cm of the soil, of which30–95% was present in the O horizon. The mobility of Mg wasgreater and it was estimated that a significant part had been leached from the profile (30 and 50 cm depth) after 15 yr. Increased mass flows of NO₃ ^- due to nitrification resulting from liming at the Hs site were calculated in the range120–350 mmol m^-2 yr^-1 (or 1.2–3.5 kmol ha^-1 yr^-1). There was significant leaching of Al (25–60 mmol m^-2 yr^-1), of which about 70% was inorganic, in thelower B horizon at both sites with no influence of liming.     

亚热带河口陆基养殖塘底泥甲烷产生动力学研究

河口区陆基围垦养殖塘是重要的温室气体排放源,但其底泥甲烷产生动力学特征目前尚未厘清.本研究对我国东南沿海亚热带闽江河口、木兰溪河口和九龙江河口的6个南美白对虾（Penaeus vannamei）养殖塘底泥进行了为期60 d的室内厌氧培养,并对甲烷累积产量曲线利用一阶动力学模型及改进的岡珀茨模型进行拟合和分析.结果表明,所有河口陆基养殖塘底泥产甲烷过程是一个动态变化过程,可分为延滞、产生和稳定3个阶段.延滞期发生在培养初期1~4 d,产生期主要集中在4~25 d,在培养25 d后,所有养殖塘底泥的甲烷累积产量曲线趋于平衡.盐度和孔隙水DOC浓度均能够影响养殖塘底泥甲烷产生动力学拟合参数.随着养殖塘底泥盐度的增加,甲烷最大产生潜力由5961 ng·g^-1减少至559 ng·g^-1,甲烷最大产生速率由674 ng·g^-1·d^-1减少至84 ng·g^-1·d^-1.研究表明,一阶动力学模型更适合低盐养殖塘底泥甲烷产生动力学过程的拟合,而改进的岡珀茨模型更适合高盐养殖塘底泥甲烷产生动力学过程的拟合.选择近海养殖塘进行南美白对虾养殖及在甲烷产生期来临之前清除底泥可极大程度地减少养殖塘底泥温室气体CH₄的产生潜力.