GIS在环境科学中的应用

文章结合地理信息系统(GIS)和环境科学的特点,阐述了GIS在环境管理、环境规划、环境决策、环境评价及环境监测等多方面的应用,对GIS在环境科学中的应用及其发展趋势作了简要论述.由于GIS技术和环境科学在研究对象上的相似性和互补性,GIS广泛应用于环境科学领域必将会推动环境科学的迅猛发展.     

Value Plurality among Conservation Professionals

Abstract: Debate on the values that underpin conservation science is rarely based on empirical analysis of the values conservation professionals actually hold. We used Q methodology to investigate the values held by international conservation professionals who attended the annual Student Conference in Conservation Science at the University of Cambridge (U.K.) in 2008 and 2009. The methodology offers a quantitative means of examining human subjectivity. It differs from standard opinion surveys in that individual respondents record the way they feel about statements relative to other statements, which forces them to focus their attention on the issues they believe are most important. The analysis extracts the diverse viewpoints of the respondents, and factor analysis is used to reduce the viewpoints to a smaller set of factors that reflect shared ways of thinking. The junior conservation professionals attending the conference did not share a unifying set of core values; rather, they held a complex series of ideas and a plurality of opinions about conservation and how it should be pursued. This diversity of values empirically challenges recent proposals for conservation professionals to unite behind a single philosophy. Attempts to forge an artificial consensus may be counterproductive to the overall goals conservation professionals are pursuing.     

Generation of Priority Research Questions to Inform Conservation Policy and Management at a National Level

Abstract: Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource‐based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well‐being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada.     

A Critical Assessment of the Use of Surrogate Species in Conservation Planning in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta,California (U.S.A.)

Abstract: Conservation biology has provided wildlife managers with a wealth of concepts and tools for use in conservation planning; among them is the surrogate species concept. Over the past 20 years, a growing body of empirical literature has demonstrated the limited effectiveness of surrogates as management tools, unless it is first established that the target species and surrogate will respond similarly to a given set of environmental conditions. Wildlife managers and policy makers have adopted the surrogate species concept, reflecting the limited information available on most species at risk of extirpation or extinction and constraints on resources available to support conservation efforts. We examined the use of surrogate species, in the form of cross‐taxon response‐indicator species (that is, one species from which data are used to guide management planning for another, distinct species) in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California (U.S.A.). In that system there has been increasing reliance on surrogates in conservation planning for species listed under federal or state endangered species acts, although the agencies applying the surrogate species concept did not first validate that the surrogate and target species respond similarly to relevant environmental conditions. During the same period, conservation biologists demonstrated that the surrogate concept is generally unsupported by ecological theory and empirical evidence. Recently developed validation procedures may allow for the productive use of surrogates in conservation planning, but, used without validation, the surrogate species concept is not a reliable planning tool.     

基于混沌理论的海南旅游业危机预警机制构建

基于混沌理论构建旅游业危机预警机制是防治旅游业危机的有效手段。阐述了旅游业危机理论、混沌理论和旅游业危机预警机制理论,剖析了海南2007--2010年旅游业危机事件,建立了海南旅游业危机评价指标体系、危机预警机制、危机防治综合管理机制和教育与宣传等系统。研究表明,防治旅游业危机事件,关键是重视旅游行业初期敏感性,对初始值进行有效控制,而建立危机预警机制、危机防治综合管理机制和加强教育与宣传是其核心内容。     

我国自然旅游资源产权制度的建构——兼谈对湘西州的启示

产权制度激励和约束着自然旅游资源治理中相关利益主体的行为,决定其管理和利用的绩效。当前我国自然旅游资源的应有功能与价值不能有效实现,主要源于自然旅游资源产权制度存在诸多缺陷。为构建完善的自然旅游资源产权制度,有必要选择合理的产权模式,健全产权交易制度和完善产权保障制度。     

从社区参与层面探讨民族旅游的可持续发展问题——以云南省西双版纳为例

近年来,民族旅游作为一种特殊的乡村旅游已成为旅游研究和经济研究的热点问题之一。为实现旅游地的可持续发展,许多学者提出了各种各样的发展模式和解决措施,但这些研究都忽视了一个最基本的问题,即民族性与乡村性。因此,从这两个民族旅游的特性出发,以云南省西双版纳3个民族旅游村寨（勐景来、傣族园、曼景法）为例,从社区参与层面研究民族旅游的可持续发展,试图从根本上找出问题的症结,提出相应的解决措施。     

合肥市农业旅游观光园的规划设计

通过调查与分析合肥市农业观光园的现状,得出目前合肥市农业旅游观光园存在的问题。结合桃蹊农业桃主题生态园案例分析,指出农业旅游观光园需以特色农业为主题,景观规划鲜明,进行多层次、多元化发展才能达到可持续发展的目的,从而带来更多的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。     

非大城市周边地区乡村旅游发展模式研究——以黄山市为例

摘要：近年来黄山市乡村旅游发展迅速,已逐渐成为非大城市周边地区乡村旅游发展的典型代表。以黄山市为例,旨在探讨其在乡村旅游发展过程中探索出的成功模式,在一定程度上丰富和完善我国乡村旅游发展模式的研究,同时也为类似区域的乡村旅游发展提供有益借鉴。     

海口市旅游业发展瓶颈和应对措施分析

旅游业是海口市的支柱产业,带动了整个城市关联产业的快速发展。通过分析海口市旅游业发展面临的发展定位、资源利用、旅游品牌、景观开发、城市营销与管理等方面的瓶颈,提出了应对措施,以期为海口市旅游业的繁荣与发展服务,助力于海口市经济、社会的全面与协调发展。