城市公共安全应急决策支持系统研究

针对合肥市公共安全应急决策需求,围绕火灾、爆炸与毒气泄漏等突发重大事故,研究灾害事故监测技术、模拟预测方法,集成Internet、GIS、无线数据传输、无线通讯等信息化技术,以分布式的形式整合各独立系统,构建应急管理与决策系统平台.选择安徽氯碱化工集团、西气东输合肥市天然气门站以及安徽乐普生商业中心三个特色功能区,采用高速网络、可视化视频电话系统和远程无线视频监控等技术,组建了合肥市公共安全应急示范系统.实践表明,在城市可视化与数字化的基础上,该系统能够实现城市灾害信息的科学管理,实现各种灾害的分析模拟、公共安全规划以及应急决策支持,从而有效提高突发性城市公共安全应急的效率和响应速度,为城市公共安全的应急工作提供了有效的辅助手段.     

Unpacking the post‐Haiyan disaster resettlement narratives of young Filipino women informal settlers in Tacloban City,Philippines

Post‐disaster resettlement narratives encapsulate the complex mobile–spatial processes that are embedded in a post‐disaster context. The existing literature on disaster relocation and resettlement accords primacy to the logistical, practical, structural, and physical dimensions of residential transitioning. Building on this knowledge, this study conducted a spatial narrative inquiry to generate a link to mobile–spatial realities interspersed in diverse temporal trajectories. It did so by tracking the embodied rhythms of people and objects evoked through the retelling of post‐disaster resettlement stories by 12 young Filipino women informal settlers. The key findings are organised in three spatial narratives: ‘house near the sea'; ‘there at the bunkhouse'; and ‘here in Ridgeview'. These narratives are anchored in the overarching dimensions that underpin Filipino informal settlers’ experiences of (not) moving in and out of disaster resettlement areas. Lastly, the findings are explained in the light of the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of disaster resettlement specific to informal settlers.     

鄱阳湖区农户经济行为变化对农业系统脆弱性的影响——基于农户问卷调查的实证研究

通过对鄱阳湖区7县市17个村子的农业生产活动和耕地流转问卷调查结果分析发现,不同年龄、教育程度、收入来源和谋生能力决定着该区农户从事农业生产的意愿。目前外出打工的农民中年轻人最多,在家从事农业生产的多为年长者;家庭收入的无保障和外出打工的不稳定性,使得大部分农民仍把土地作为重要的生活保障手段;劳动力依然处在低水平状态,而且支撑当地社会经济发展的后续劳动力严重不足,农村社会即将面临老龄化问题,农业生产系统的脆弱性日趋严重。为使当地农业生产可持续发展,确保国家粮食安全,需要在研究区域内实施有效的、具有造血功能的生态补偿机制以增加农户收入,改善恶化的人-地关系,同时还需要采用耕地流转土地管理机制和建立健全农村社会保障体系。     

浅谈武汉城市圈环境保护工作中的问题及法治对策

环境保护是武汉城市圈建设资源节约型环境友好型社会的重中之重,当前武汉城市圈环境污染问题突出,严重制约了两型社会的建设。文章分析了目前武汉城市圈环境保护工作中存在的问题,包括环境管理机制不顺畅、环境执法中市场作用发挥不足、循环经济相关法律法规滞后、“重污染防治、轻生态保护”的观念盛行等,最后,本文从法治的角度提出了解决目前环境问题的合理化对策。     

日本大量废弃型社会的一般废弃物管理：政策、问题与措施

国内关于日本废弃物管理政策的研究主要侧重于其循环型社会的形成、法律体系、技术和模式;相对于日本大量废弃型社会的废弃物管理制度的研究极少,由此忽略了前后政策之间的因果关系和转变过程。文章从一般废弃物处理责任、处理技术等方面系统地考察分析了日本大量废弃型社会的废弃物管理制度,阐明大量废弃型社会废弃物管理制度的存在问题,进而说明日本为何从大量废弃型社会迈向循环型社会的原因及其途径,以期对中国废弃物管理制度建设提供借鉴参考。     

Learning from the rubble: the case of Christchurch,New Zealand,after the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes

Learning after a disaster is crucial in creating more resilient places. However, many societies are repeatedly overwhelmed by disasters. This can be because of missed opportunities to learn in post‐disaster settings or because of actions implemented that seem to be highly relevant to recovery in the short term, but potentially constrain aspirations in the longer term. This paper assesses learning processes among state and non‐state actors and the ways in which these are bridged and scaled up to wider improvements in governance. Aiming to enrich understanding of post‐disaster learning, it explores different actors’ response actions after the earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2010 and 2011. On the one hand, ‘learning by doing’ is occurring, yet, on the other hand, systemic learning is hindered by mismatches between top‐down steering and bottom‐up initiatives. The study concludes that better linking and synergising of learning processes among different levels is vital for enhancing resilience in post‐disaster societies.     

Variations in δ13C of water–soluble leaf and phloem organic matter of Platycladus orientalis: influences of photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation

Analysis of variations in water–soluble organic matter (WSOM) δ¹³C of leaves and phloem can efficiently describe the δ¹³C distributions within plants and identify the temporal variation of δ¹³C. In this study, WSOM δ¹³C values of both leaves and phloem (twig, stem, and root) of Platycladus orientalis were measured during seven sunny days, including 2–hour interval measurements at three days for diel pattern analysis and 6–hour interval measurements at the remaining four days for day–to–day variation analysis. Analysis of WSOM δ¹³C in different plant organs showed that ¹³C was generally depleted from leaves to twigs, then enriched in stems and subsequently depleted in roots. Stems were significantly ¹³C–enriched compared to twigs (p?<?0.05), while δ¹³C differences between stems and other organs and among leaves, twigs and roots were not significant (p?>?0.05). No clear diel patterns in δ¹³C of leaves and phloem were found. Daily average δ¹³C values indicated that all plant organs had more positive values on sunny days during the dry season than during the wet season. Both photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation influence variations in WSOM δ¹³C. These results have implications for research on plant physiology and plant water use.     

地铁施工工人不安全行为关联规则研究

当前工人不安全行为研究多侧重从理论和方法的角度出发,而通过数据挖掘探究规律性方面的研究存在不足,因此,提出了地铁施工工人不安全行为关联规则研究。首先,构建关联规则挖掘数据库,以大量反映现场不安全行为的照片为数据来源。然后,利用Apriori算法,通过SPSS Modeler软件建模,以地铁车站施工机械操作人员为例介绍关联规则挖掘过程和结果。结果表明:机械操作人员存在有效强关联项为“开挖降水→挖土机作业时周围区域内有其余工人作业活动”。说明针对不同工种岗位的工人,在不同施工阶段存在易出现的不安全行为,可以有针对性地进行控制与管理,从而降低事故率。     

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan: methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins (RBWPs) since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans (H-RBWPs) over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.     

Changing tracks as situations change: humanitarian and health response along the Liberia–Côte d'Ivoire border

In recent years, protracted crises and fragile post‐conflict settings have challenged the co‐existence, and even the linear continuum, of relief and development aid. Forced migration has tested humanitarian and development paradigms where sudden‐onset emergencies, violence and displacement arise alongside ongoing development work. Drawing on Médecins Sans Frontières interventions in the region from December 2010 to May 2011, this paper examines aid and healthcare responses to displacement in Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia; it focuses on challenges to the maintenance of preparedness for such foreseeable emergencies and to adaptation in response to changing situations of displacement and insecurity. This ‘backsliding’ from development to emergency remains a substantial challenge to aid; yet, in exactly such cases, it also presents the opportunity to ensure access to medical care that is much more urgently needed in times of crisis, including the suspension of user fees for medical care.