郑州市大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征、来源及健康风险评估:基于高分辨数据

为了研究城市大气PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征和来源,于2017年的7月和10月及2018年的1月和4月,利用在线金属分析仪对郑州市大气PM_2.5中的21种元素进行在线检测,分析了重金属浓度变化;通过富集因子、主成分分析和潜在源贡献等方法对重金属进行溯源;采用环境健康风险评价模型评估其健康风险.结果表明,K、 Zn、 Mn、 Pb、 Cu、 As、 Cr和Se的浓度随污染等级的提高而增加;富集因子和主成分分析法结果表明,重金属主要来源为地壳源、混合燃烧源、工业源和机动车源;雷达特征图表明,地壳源主导的污染主要发生在春、冬两季,混合燃烧源主导的污染主要发生在冬季;Pb、 As和Ni受汾渭平原、京津冀和河南南部的传输影响较大,Cd受采样点西北部影响较大;As对成年人和儿童均有显著致癌风险,Pb和Sb对儿童存在显著非致癌风险.     

南方丘陵区土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险评价

为了探究南方丘陵区土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险状况,选择南方某省丘陵区作为研究区,利用2017年采集的60个点位的土壤样品,采用单因子污染指数（P_i）、内梅罗综合污染指数（P_综）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评估As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属含量特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析其污染来源.结果表明：①研究区8种重金属元素的含量均有超标,内梅罗综合污染指数显示,研究区呈现轻度、中度和重度污染所占的比例分别为63%、8%和2%,无污染和轻微污染的样点占27%,因此基本处于轻度污染;②综合潜在生态风险指数表明,土壤重金属RI为39.58~224.15,低等和中等生态风险的样点所占的比例为73.33%和25%,而重度生态风险的样点所占比例为1.67%,该样点生态风险程度虽然最高,但重金属含量低于该省土壤元素背景值;③通过PMF模型得到6个污染源：自然源、农业活动源、铜矿采选和交通运输组成的混合源、工业活动源、交通源和生活垃圾排放源,贡献率依次为24.8%、17.7%、17.7%、17.6%、12.0%和10.2%.     

台风灾害的模糊风险评估模型

台风灾害的致灾因子具有多重性，这使得台风灾害的风险评估相对于其它灾害来说更加复杂。本文以广东省14个市辖区为例，分别从台风暴雨和台风大风的角度分析了台风致灾因子的时、空、强规律；结合进行研究区承灾体的易损性分析，即选择研究区人口密度、人均GDP和农业占GDP的比重等3个指标综合反映研究区台风灾害的潜在损失风险。在此基础上，本文进一步评估了研究区台风灾害所造成的风险水平的地区差异。结果表明，阳江、深圳、汕尾、珠海、湛江是广东省14个市辖区中受台风灾害影响风险最高的5个区域。     

砷酸根在可变电荷土壤颗粒表面的配位吸附

研究了砷在3种可变电荷土壤颗粒表面的吸附对土壤胶体Zeta电位的影响及砷酸根吸附过程中羟基的释放特征.在酸性条件下,土壤胶体吸附砷酸根后土壤表面的负电荷增加,Zeta电位下降.这说明砷酸根在土壤颗粒表面发生了专性吸附,吸附的砷酸根离子进入土壤胶体双电层的紧密层中.亚砷酸根吸附对土壤胶体Zeta电位的影响很小,说明它在土壤颗粒表面主要通过形成外圈型表面络合物而发生非专性吸附.砷酸根在土壤颗粒表面的吸附过程中有羟基释放,说明砷酸根与表面羟基发生了配位交换反应.羟基释放量随砷酸根加入量的增加和pH值的升高而增加.动力学实验结果表明,砷酸根吸附量和羟基释放量随时间具有相似的变化趋势,在开始的20min内,二者均随时间迅速增加,随后变化较小.羟基释放量与砷酸根吸附量的摩尔比也随时间的增加而增加,说明羟基释放反应滞后于砷酸根吸附反应.土壤体系中羟基释放量与砷酸根吸附量的摩尔比小于针铁矿体系,说明除铁铝氧化物外,土壤的其它固相组分也参与了对砷的吸附反应.     

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX), AOX formation potential, and PCDDs/DFs in landfill leachate and their removal in water treatment processes

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) and AOX formation potential (AOXFP) were investigated in 46 landfill lea-chates as potentially toxic parameters. AOX in landfill leachate was within the range <10–2200 μg Cl/l, and AOXFP was within 51–15 000 μg Cl/l. AOX and AOXFP correlated with chemical oxygen demand (COD). AOX discharge from closed landfills was generally lower than that from operating landfills. The molar ratio of AOXFP/total organic carbon (TOC) suggested that organic compounds in a leachate have a double bond every 15–190 carbons under the supposition that one chlorine would add to one double bond. The five landfills discharging high-level AOXFP (>4000 μg Cl/l) were all landfills where sludge had been dumped. The removal efficiencies of three parameters through leachate treatment processes were as follows: polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/dibenzo-furans (PCDDs/DFs) > TOC > AOX. PCDDs/DFs were substantially removed at p.p.t. levels, while AOX was hardly removed at relatively low levels. Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: January 9, 2001     

浙北水稻主产区田间土-水磷素流失潜能

选取嘉善、余姚、德清、余杭 4个具有代表性浙北水稻主产区 ,研究了水田土 水磷素流失潜能及环境意义 .4稻区高水平磷肥投入促进了土壤富磷化 ,土壤Olsen-P积累的同时 ,相应地提高了土壤生物性有效磷、水浸提磷 ,并提高了土壤磷素的流失潜能 .稻区土壤在富磷化过程中 ,存在着土壤磷素的农学意义向环境意义方向演变的趋势 .在非植稻期 ,稻区农田水体 ,包括沟渠水、田表水、排渠水、暗管排水等总磷 (TP)平均超过了易诱发水体富营养化临界值 ,其中溶解磷 (DRP)占总磷 40% ;主要是源于绿肥田表水及部分排渠中的溶解磷对稻区外水体构成了直接危害 .在非植稻期 ,因稻区间农耕措施的差异导致了土壤富磷水平与对应田表水磷素水平不具相关性 ;在植稻期 ,施磷措施促进水田土壤富磷 ,相应地提高了田表水磷素水平 .     

广东省主要土类的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)

通过振荡浸出实验,测定了广东省几种主要土类的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP),比较了土壤浸提液中溶解态(可过滤态)有机物与悬浮态(不可过滤态)有机物在形成三卤甲烷(THMs)中的作用,并对影响土壤THMFP的各种因素进行讨论结果表明:①各主要土类表层土中,未过滤浸提液的整体THMFP(b-THMFP)含量范围为:0.7～36.8μg/g土,中值为10.6μg/g土;过滤浸提液的THMFP(指可溶性有机物的THMFP,即d-THMFP)含量范围为:0.5～21.2μg/g土,中值为3.9μg/g土;其中,19号石灰土的b-THMFP和d-THMFP最高,20号紫色土的b-THMFP最低,5号赤红壤的d-THMFP最低.②总体上,悬浮态有机物对THMs生成量有较大的正贡献.③影响土壤THMFP的因素主要是有机质含量、各种氧化物含量、土壤发生层次、植被等.     

江苏省耕地资源的发展趋势及潜力分析

根据《江苏统计年鉴(1998年)》,对江苏省耕地资源在数量、质量两方面的历年发展趋势进行了分析,并针对耕地资源存在的数量减少、质量恶化现状,对江苏耕地持续利用的潜力进行了探讨。     

ARE SOILS LIKE SPONGES?1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to explore the validity of the old analogy that “soil is like a sponge.” Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure two hydrologic properties of porous media: drainage under gravity, and water potential curves. A tipping bucket rain gage connected to a data logger was used to measure the rate at which water drained under the force of gravity from a trough filled with four saturated porous media ‐ cellulose sponges, topsoil, peat, and a medium sand. Pressure plate techniques were used to determine water potential curves for soil materials and sponges. In terms of relative cumulative discharge from the trough, sponges were intermediate between peat and topsoil. Because of their tremendous water‐holding capacity, sponges discharged more than 2.5 times as much water as did peat. The water potential curve for sponges was fairly flat, like that of topsoil, but the high water content across all pressures (0.30–15.0 bars) indicated some similarity to peat. The results of these experiments suggest that the general patterns of water retention and release in soil materials and sponges are similar and vary only in degree.     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE DYNAMICS ON A SEMIARID PONDEROSA PINE HILLSLOPE1

ABSTRACT: Detailed measurements of soil moisture and ET in semiarid forest environments have not been widely reported in the literature. In this study, soil moisture and water balance components were measured over a four‐year period on a semiarid ponderosa pine hillslope, with evapotranspiration (ET) determined as the residual of measured precipitation, runoff, and change in soil moisture storage. ET accounts for approximately 95 percent of the water budget and has a distinctly bimodal annual pattern, with peaks occurring after spring snowmelt and during the late summer monsoon season, periods that coincide with high soil moisture. Weekly growing season ET rates determined by the hillslope water balance are found to be invariably below calculated potential rates. Normalized ET rates are linearly correlated (r²= 0.62) with soil moisture; therefore, a simple linear relation is proposed. Growing season soil moisture dynamics were modeled based on this relation. Results are in fair agreement (r²= 0.63) with the observed soil moisture data over the four growing seasons; however, for two dry summers with little surface runoff, much better results (r² > 0.90) were obtained.