京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究

通过采用全球再分析格点资料的统计分析和WRF中尺度数值模拟,从天气学和大气边界层气象学角度分析了2013年12月和2014年2月两次重污染过程中京津冀地区天气尺度大气停滞气象条件和大气污染扩散气象条件的特征及其作用,并根据WRF模式精细化模拟结果分析了太行山和燕山对京津冀地区城市大气污染形成的作用.研究结果表明,两次重污染天气过程中京津冀地区500 h Pa等压面上的平均风速均表现为明显的气候异常特征,500 h Pa平均风速较近10年同期分别下降了约30.8%和50.4%,大气停滞系数较近5年同期分别偏高10%和20%以上;京津冀地区发生严重污染时,WRF模式模拟的日平均混合层高度低于200 m,日平均地面10 m风速低于2 m·s-1,日平均通风量可降低到1000 m2·s-1以下,空气质量指数与日平均通风量成负相关,重污染期间的平均通风量比近5年同期平均通风量偏低29.3%~52.8%,这些不利于污染扩散的天气条件持续数日,导致了重污染天气的发生.此外,太行山对西风气流的阻挡是河北中南部地区大气污染加剧的一个重要原因,而当主导风向为偏南风时,偏南气流遇燕山后或转向回流、或爬坡,导致近地面风速减小,不利于污染物扩散,亦加剧了京津冀地区中南部城市的大气污染.     

Anaerobic digestion modeling of the main components of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is composed of several heterogeneous organic and inorganic wastes. The diversity of composition, the high volatile solid content and the biodegradable material that this waste offers make it quite an interesting option for anaerobic digestion (AD). Depending on the substrate composition, the biological degradation and kinetics of the AD could vary. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests are used as a tool to evaluate the methane production of several fractions of OFMSW, in order to study the influence of each fraction in the final mixture. The kinetic parameters of methane curves and the prediction of final productions are studied by different approaches to model equations using linear, exponential, logistic and Gaussian models. The analyses of the fractions indicate that organic substrates such as meat/fish which are in a small proportion in the final mixture, obtain major productivities (291 ± 3 mlCH₄/gVS), however others such as paper (217 ± 5 mlCH₄/gVS) could have their productivity enhanced due to their high VS present in the final mixture. Both the Gomperzt and the first order model fit reasonably with all the fractions, although substrates with lag phase adjust only to the Gompertz model explaining 99% of the experimental results.     

河道黑臭污染简易评价方法研究

河道黑臭主因是底泥和水体在缺氧乃至厌氧条件下,污染物转化并产生氨氮、硫化氢、挥发性有机酸等恶臭物质以及铁、锰硫化物等黑色物质.目前,河道黑臭评价主要采用多因子黑臭指数法(NH3-N、COD、DO等),但NH3-N、COD难以在现场快速测定,也无法定量袁征底泥黑臭程度.本文选取能够现场快速监测的氧化还原电位ORP作为独立黑臭评价指标,分析论证了ORP与部分黑臭因子DO、S∞、PH、SO4=的相关性,结果表明,ORP与pH、SO42-、DO、S2-相关性较好,可以单独作为水体和底泥黑臭现场监测评价指标,用于入河污水、河道水体与河道底泥黑臭度的现场快速监测和定量评价.     

苏州市主要工业污染物排放强度研究

污染物排放强度反映单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小.运用均方差赋权法对苏州市各地区的工业废水量、工业化学需氧量、工业氨氮、工业二氧化硫、工业氮氧化物、工业烟(粉)尘等6种主要污染物排放强度进行评价,结果表明,六种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的全市平均水平为15.08.然后分别计算各地区的污染物排放强度降低潜力,结果表明,主要污染物排放强度减排潜力存在区域间差异.最后提出促进污染物排放强度降低的一些建议.     

锑矿区土壤As和Sb形态分布及生态风险评价

以晴隆锑矿区土壤为研究对象,利用连续提取法对土壤中As、Sb的形态分布和生物可利用性进行了研究,并分别利用单因子指数和生态风险指数评价了研究区土壤中As、Sb污染程度和生态危害风险。结果表明,土壤样品中As尤其Sb含量很高,不同采样点含量差别较大。土壤As、Sb的存在形态均以残渣态为主,其次是可还原态、可氧化态、弱酸提取态,水溶态很低。土壤中生物可利用态砷占0.01%~1.08%,其含量为0.001~0.347mg/kg,而土壤中生物可利用态锑占0.08%~3.26%,其含量为0.002~14.107mg/kg。从单因子污染评价看,研究区土壤Sb污染远大于As污染,且大多属于重度污染。土壤中两种金属的综合污染指数(RI)为14.59~1970.98,锑矿区总体处于轻度生态危害,部分区域Sb污染应引起重视。     

晋江河口柱状沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及生态风险评价

采用改进的BCR连续提取法对晋江河口柱状沉积物中的重金属(Fe、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cu和Cr)进行形态分析。结果表明,在垂向分布上重金属的形态分布基本一致。其中,Fe主要存在于残渣态,Pb、Cu和Ni主要存在于可还原态,Zn主要存在于弱酸溶态,Cr主要存在于可氧化态。各金属总可提取态占总量的比值(即生物有效性)排序为:CuCrPb=Zn=NiFe,Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn和Ni的迁移性和生物有效性均较高,对环境存在较大的潜在危害。运用次生相与原生相比值法对重金属潜在生态风险进行评价,结果表明:Fe处于无污染水平,Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu和Cr均处于中到重度污染水平。     

太湖东部不同类型湖区疏浚后沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

为揭示太湖东部疏浚湖区沉积物中重金属分布特征及其潜在生态风险,于2012年在东太湖与胥口湾共设置5个点位采集沉积物样品,测试了底泥部分理化性质及重金属元素含量(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn),并运用潜在生态风险指数法综合评价了疏浚湖区沉积物的重金属污染现状和潜在风险程度.结果表明,太湖东部不同类型湖区间沉积物的营养盐及重金属含量分布存在差异,总体上胥口湾草型湖区的重金属含量相对东太湖养殖湖区较高,营养盐含量则相对较低;在垂直剖面上,沉积物营养盐和重金属均表现出表层富集的特征.太湖东部湖区各疏浚点位的营养盐和重金属含量均低于未疏浚点位,表明底泥生态疏浚能有效去除沉积物中的营养物质和重金属污染物,但疏浚效果随时间逐渐减弱.各重金属元素及营养盐之间均呈显著正相关关系,表明这些污染物具有较好的同源性.潜在生态风险指数RI的评价结果表明,各点位沉积物的重金属潜在危害程度依次为X1>D1>D3>X2>D2,其中未疏浚点位胥口湾X1的潜在生态风险高于东太湖D1,且X1、D1均属于中等生态风险,而疏浚点位D2、D3、X2属于轻微生态风险,底泥疏浚有效降低了沉积物中的重金属潜在生态风险.     

Determination of biodegradation potential by two culture-independent methods in PAH-contaminated soils

Biodegradation potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined with soil samples collected from various depths of a PAH-contaminated site and of a site nearby where PAHs were not found. Putative dioxygenase genes were amplified by a primer set specific for initial dioxygenases and identified by web-based database homology search. They were further categorized into several groups of which four dioxygenases were selected as probes for DNA hybridization. The hybridization signals according to the presence of putative dioxygenases were positively related to the extent of PAH contamination. However, the signal intensities varied depending on the probes hybridized and moreover were not consistent with PAH biodegradation activities determined by CO2 evolution. Despite widely accepted advantages of molecular biodegradation assessment, our data clearly present the variations of assessment results depending on the genetic information used and suggest that the methodology may tend to underestimate the real biodegradation capacity of a site probably due to the limited dioxygenase database available at the moment. Therefore, the molecular assessment of biodegradation potential should involve a very careful primer and probe design and an extensive microbiological examination of a site of interest to accurately delineate the biodegradation potential of the site.     

Assessment of renewable energy potential and policy in Turkey – Toward the acquisition period in European Union

This paper aims to assess the renewable energy capacity of Turkey in order to consider main priorities in the energy policy of Turkey. In this paper, renewable energy potential and regulatory conditions are discussed in Turkey in comparison with European Union. The results of the study implemented within the framework of EnviroGRIDS project indicated a promising yet very susceptible future for the implementation of renewable energy power plants in Turkey. The forecasts have shown that the solar power potential utilization is becoming more significant after 2020. The projections for 2050 indicate that electricity consumption from small and medium renewable energy sources including solar and wind will constitute 15% of the total, whereas the solar thermal will constitute around 16%. Geothermal and other renewables will remain around 3%. According to the high demand scenario, in 2050 the share of hydropower in overall electricity generation will be 12%, followed by solar power at 7% and wind power at 3%. Additionally, renewable energy policy and regulations in Turkey and in EU are overviewed in this study. On the contrary to EU, the constant feed-in tariff amount does not consider capital investments of specific energy sources in Turkey that brings disadvantage to the implementation. However, new regulations published and currently applied should be accepted as milestones in acquisition period of Turkey in EU.