不饱和聚酯树脂在储罐内衬改造中的静电危害分析

为分析不饱和聚酯树脂在内衬改造应用中存在的引燃风险,阐述加油站埋地罐内衬改造工艺,测试不饱和聚酯树脂固化放热特性、与玻璃钢摩擦的滚刷及装树脂绝缘桶的表面静电电位。结果表明:不饱和聚酯树脂与固化剂混合后的放热不足以引起树脂自燃;滚刷、树脂与绝缘桶间摩擦可导致桶表面静电位超过7 kV,带电绝缘体表面与金属凸出物间存在静电放电现象、甚至引起挥发苯乙烯局部闪燃风险。油罐内衬改造时需强化通风以及增加静电防护措施,避免静电放电引起罐内燃爆事故。     

Analyzing the Variability of Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Model Evapotranspiration Products in a Watershed in Michigan

The goal of this paper was to statistically explore the spatiotemporal performance of remotely sensed actual evapotranspiration (ETa) datasets and a remotely sensed ensemble in a region that lacks observed data. The remotely sensed datasets were further compared with ETa results from a physically based hydrologic model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to examine the differences and determine the level of agreement between the ETa datasets and the model outputs. ETa datasets were compared on temporal (i.e., monthly and seasonal basis) and spatial (i.e., landuse) scales at both watershed and subbasin levels. The results showed a lack of consistent similarities and differences among the datasets when evaluating the monthly ETa variations; however, the seasonal aggregated data presented more consistent similarities and differences during the spring and summer compared to the fall and winter. Meanwhile, spatial analysis of the datasets showed the MOD16A2 500 m ETa product was the most versatile of the tested datasets, being able to differentiate between landuses during all seasons. Furthermore, the use of an averaging ensemble was able to improve overall ETa performance in the study area. This study showed that the remotely sensed ETa products are not similar throughout the year, but the appropriate application periods for different ETa products were identified. Finally, spatial variabilities of the ETa products are more in tune with landuse and climate characteristics.     

初始pH值对泔脚发酵产氢余物甲烷化的强化研究

以城市生活垃圾厌氧消化污泥为接种物,考察了初始pH值为5、6、7和8时对泔脚发酵产氢余物中温(36℃)批式厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,当初始pH值低于7时,随着初始pH值的增大,产氢余物的产甲烷能力也随之增大;而当初始pH值高于7时,体系的产沼能力却受到了极大的抑制。结合Gompertz模型拟合结果,初始pH值为7为泔脚发酵产氢余物沼气化的最佳初始pH值,其沼气化的延迟时间λ、产甲烷率、生物气中甲烷的最高体积含量分别为:4.02 d,379.28 mL/g VS,82.2%。厌氧消化结束后,除初始pH值为5的以外,厌氧消化余物的pH值在6.8~6.9之间,这为沼气中甲烷的高体积含量(高于常规厌氧消化的最高甲烷体积含量75%)提供了证据。     

On the influence of faulting on small-scale soil-gas radon variability: a case study in the Iberian Uranium Province

In order to evaluate the influence of faulting on the variability of geogenic radon at detailed scale (1:2000), data on gamma ray fluxes, U and Th concentrations in rocks, radon in soil-gas and radon in groundwater were collected in three target areas on the Oliveira do Hospital region (Central Portugal). This region stands on the Iberian Uranium Province, and is dominantly composed of Hercynian granites and metasedimentary rocks of pre-Ordovician age, crosscut by faults with dominant strike N35°E, N55°E and N75°E. Radiometric anomalies are frequent, associated with faults of the referred systems and metasedimentary enclaves; the analytical data confirms that these anomalies are produced by local high uranium contents in rocks and fault-filling materials (n = 34, range 13-724 ppm), while other radiogenic elements are relatively constant (e.g. Th 4-30 ppm). Radon concentration in soil can be extremely high, up to 12,850 kBq m⁻³ (n = 215), with a large proportion of results above 100 kBq m⁻³. Unsurprisingly, groundwater also shows high radon concentrations, with observed values in the range 150-4850 Bq.L⁻¹ (n = 17). From the results it is concluded that metasedimentary enclaves, as well as faults, can accumulate uranium from circulating fluids, and as a consequence, strongly locally enhance geogenic radon potential. Due to this fact, for the purpose of land use planning in such uranium-enriched regions, very detailed geological mapping is needed to precisely recognize radon high risk areas. A correlation between radon concentration in soil or in groundwater and gamma ray fluxes was established pointing to the possible use of these fluxes as a first step in assessing geogenic radon potential, at least to geological setting similar to the study area.     

Exposure of an anoxic and contaminated canal sediment: Mobility of metal(loid)s

A derelict canal contains an estimated 9800 tonnes of anoxic sediment with highly elevated concentrations of trace elements. Lack of maintenance, reduced water levels and vegetation colonization threaten the stability of pollutants by removing existing waterlogged reduced conditions. A column leaching study of the sediment under increasingly oxidized conditions showed reductions in As mobility but increased heavy metal concentrations. In a reduced state, As mobility was higher (as a consequence of enhanced Fe and organic carbon solubility) whilst heavy metal concentrations in leachates were lower (due to markedly higher pH). Over 10 contiguous wetting and drying cycles, the consequences were profound; all trace elements were continuously leached with enhanced flushing of Fe, As, Zn and Cu. This raises concern over possible mobilization of pollutants to the wider environment, including groundwater. Options for management to stabilize contaminants are discussed that point to the importance of limiting water flow through the sediment.     

One-electron standard reduction potentials of nitroaromatic and cyclic nitramine explosives

Extensive studies have been conducted in the past decades to predict the environmental abiotic and biotic redox fate of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives. However, surprisingly little information is available on one-electron standard reduction potentials (E^o(R-NO₂/R-NO₂⁻)). The E^o(R-NO₂/R-NO₂⁻) is an essential thermodynamic parameter for predicting the rate and extent of reductive transformation for energetic residues. In this study, experimental (linear free energy relationships) and theoretical (ab initio calculation) approaches were employed to determine E^o(R-NO₂/R-NO₂⁻) for nitroaromatic, (caged) cyclic nitramine, and nitroimino explosives that are found in military installations or are emerging contaminants. The results indicate a close agreement between experimental and theoretical E^o(R-NO₂/R-NO₂⁻) and suggest a key trend: E^o(R-NO₂/R-NO₂⁻) value decreases from di- and tri-nitroaromatic (e.g., 2,4-dinitroanisole) to nitramine (e.g., RDX) to nitroimino compound (e.g., nitroguanidine). The observed trend in E^o(R-NO₂/R-NO₂⁻) agrees with reported rate trends for reductive degradation, suggesting a thermodynamic control on the reduction rate under anoxic/suboxic conditions.     

基于生态和社会经济约束的区域土地整治潜力评价研究

准确评价区域耕地整治、农村居民点整治、废弃地复垦和未利用地开发4种类型的土地整治潜力是实现区域统筹规划和保障粮食安全的重要前提。通过选取能反映区域四种土地整治类型内在和外在潜力的指标因素,引入生态安全和社会经济双重制约条件,结合层次分析法和约束条件评价模型对研究区域生态安全和经济社会约束下的土地整治综合潜力开展定量评价,并采用K-Means聚类方法进行潜力分区。研究结果表明:高生态安全和经济发展水平条件能提高区域土地整治潜力水平,反之则制约土地整治潜力水平,同时根据约束条件的土地整治潜力评价结果将研究区域划分为土地整治高潜力区、较高潜力区、一般潜力区和低潜力区,与无约束条件下的土地整治潜力评价结果相比,该分区结果更加符合当地实际情况。该研究一方面可为生态文明建设背景下的土地整治潜力评价提供新方法,另一方面可为新一轮土地整治统筹规划提供有效的依据和参考。     

成都市雨水分布特征及其利用潜力分析

雨水是一种可供人类使用的宝贵淡水资源。为缓解成都水资源供需矛盾,有效利用雨水资源,本文针对成都市的降雨情况,分析了降雨年内分布特征、雨水水质特点和雨水利用潜力,给出了雨水收集、利用的相应措施,可为城市雨水利用工程规划与建设提供科学参考。     

Error Autocorrelation and Linear Regression for Temperature‐Based Evapotranspiration Estimates Improvement1

Medeiros, Patrick Valverde, Francisco Fernando Noronha Marcuzzo, Cristián Youlton, and Edson Wendland, 2012. Error Autocorrelation and Linear Regression for Temperature‐Based Evapotranspiration Estimates Improvement. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 297‐305. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00614.x Abstract: Estimates of evapotranspiration on a local scale is important information for agricultural and hydrological practices. However, equations to estimate potential evapotranspiration based only on temperature data, which are simple to use, are usually less trustworthy than the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)‐Penman‐Monteith standard method. The present work describes two correction procedures for potential evapotranspiration estimates by temperature, making the results more reliable. Initially, the standard FAO‐Penman‐Monteith method was evaluated with a complete climatologic data set for the period between 2002 and 2006. Then temperature‐based estimates by Camargo and Jensen‐Haise methods have been adjusted by error autocorrelation evaluated in biweekly and monthly periods. In a second adjustment, simple linear regression was applied. The adjusted equations have been validated with climatic data available for the Year 2001. Both proposed methodologies showed good agreement with the standard method indicating that the methodology can be used for local potential evapotranspiration estimates.     

Determining C/N ratios for typical organic wastes using biodegradable fractions

It is well established that an optimal aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolism is achieved with a C/N ratio between 20 and 30. Most studies are currently based on chemically-measured carbon and nitrogen contents. However, some organic wastes can be composed of recalcitrant carbon fractions that are not bioavailable. To know the biodegradable C/N ratio, two different methods to determine the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradable organic carbon (BOC_AE and BOC_AN) are proposed and used to analyze a wide variety of different organic samples. In general, raw wastes and digested products have more amount of BOC_AE. On the contrast, the samples collected after an aerobic treatment have higher content of BOC_AN. In any case, all the BOC fractions are lower than the total organic carbon (TOC). Therefore, the C/N ratios based on BOC are always lower than the total C/N ratio based on the TOC measure. The knowledge of the real bioavailable C/N ratio is crucial for the biological treatments of organic materials. To reduce the test time necessary for BOC determination, the values of BOC for all the samples obtained at different times were compared and correlated with the final BOC. A method that allows for the determination of BOC_AE in 4 d is proposed. In relation to the anaerobic assay, the biogas potential calculated after 21 and 50 d was positively correlated with the final potential defined after 100 d of assay.