连云港近岸海域沉积物重金属潜在生态危害评价

采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对连云港近岸海域沉积物重金属生态危害程度进行了评价.结果表明,连云港近岸海域沉积物属于轻微污染,生态质量总体较好,沉积物中As、Cu相对于Hg、Pb、Cd污染水平较高.     

Aligning science and policy to achieve evolutionarily enlightened conservation

There is increasing recognition among conservation scientists that long‐term conservation outcomes could be improved through better integration of evolutionary theory into management practices. Despite concerns that the importance of key concepts emerging from evolutionary theory (i.e., evolutionary principles and processes) are not being recognized by managers, there has been little effort to determine the level of integration of evolutionary theory into conservation policy and practice. We assessed conservation policy at 3 scales (international, national, and provincial) on 3 continents to quantify the degree to which key evolutionary concepts, such as genetic diversity and gene flow, are being incorporated into conservation practice. We also evaluated the availability of clear guidance within the applied evolutionary biology literature as to how managers can change their management practices to achieve better conservation outcomes. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of maintaining genetic diversity, conservation policies provide little guidance about how this can be achieved in practice and other relevant evolutionary concepts, such as inbreeding depression, are mentioned rarely. In some cases the poor integration of evolutionary concepts into management reflects a lack of decision‐support tools in the literature. Where these tools are available, such as risk‐assessment frameworks, they are not being adopted by conservation policy makers, suggesting that the availability of a strong evidence base is not the only barrier to evolutionarily enlightened management. We believe there is a clear need for more engagement by evolutionary biologists with policy makers to develop practical guidelines that will help managers make changes to conservation practice. There is also an urgent need for more research to better understand the barriers to and opportunities for incorporating evolutionary theory into conservation practice.     

Using historical ecology to reassess the conservation status of coniferous forests in Central Europe

Forests cover approximately one‐third of Central Europe. Oak (Quercus) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are considered the natural dominants at low and middle elevations, respectively. Many coniferous forests (especially of Picea abies) occur primarily at midelevations, but these are thought to have resulted from forestry plantations planted over the past 200 years. Nature conservation and forestry policy seek to promote broadleaved trees over conifers. However, there are discrepancies between conservation guidelines (included in Natura 2000) and historical and palaeoecological data with regard to the distribution of conifers. Our aim was to bring new evidence to the debate on the conservation of conifers versus broadleaved trees at midelevations in Central Europe. We created a vegetation and land‐cover model based on pollen data for a highland area of 11,300 km² in the Czech Republic and assessed tree species composition in the forests before the onset of modern forestry based on 18th‐century archival sources. Conifers dominated the study region throughout the entire Holocene (approximately 40–60% of the area). Broadleaved trees were present in a much smaller area than envisaged by current ideas of natural vegetation. Rather than casting doubt on the principles of Central European nature conservation in general, our results highlight the necessity of detailed regional investigations and the importance of historical data in challenging established notions on the natural distribution of tree species.     

The evaluation of potential purification of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating greywater in semi-arid environment

The potential purification of an horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) treating greywater in a Moroccan primary school was investigated according to the monitoring of water quality parameters over a period of 100 days through two simultaneous stages: first, an internal three dimensional grid of sampling ports; secondly, an entry and exit. The calibration of the relaxed TIS concentration model based on tank in series hydraulic assumption with experimental data gave the frequency distribution profiles of K-rate constant values for the three parameters: BOD₅, COD and TN, whose maximum values are respectively 50 m/yr, 70 m/yr, and 42 m/yr. The HSSFCW system has higher K-rate coefficient for all the three parameters at the bottom layer compared with the surface layer, with increasing K-rates over length. The analysis of bacteriological and chemical results has shown that the HSSFCW could not completely remove all pollutants (especially TN and TP), but it could be used successfully to upgrade the quality of greywater to an acceptable level. However, we predict that there will be an increase in removal efficiencies with time bearing in mind that the system is newly implemented.     

垃圾填埋场的灾害隐患及其对策

卫生填埋法作为一种垃圾处置方式已被国内外广泛使用.本文分析了垃圾填埋场的潜在危害与安全隐患,并结合我国国情提出了相应的对策与建议.     

MANAGING ROTATIONAL CANAL WATER SUPPLIES ON THE FARM1

ABSTRACT: A procedure to determine optimal irrigation scheduling strategies under rotational water delivery systems is presented. The methodology involves integration of water delivery amount and frequency, irrigation management strategies, evapotranspiration sequences and crop-evapotranspiration-production functions to arrive at an optimal irrigation strategy. Application of the methodology to a farm in the service area of Western Yamuna Canal (India) where a two-stage system of rotation, one among the irrigation channels and the other among the farmers, is in vogue, reveals that maximum production is obtained with water application in a rotational manner (RI) rather than with irrigation in every or alternate supply periods. Increase in mean water supply which can be effected through improvement in on-farm conveyance and application systems, has a greater effect on yield than decrease in variance of the supply. Benefit cost analyses indicates that precision land leveling is more cost effective in increasing water supply as compared to water-course lining.     

岷江上游半干旱区耕地生产潜力分析——以茂县静州村为例

以茂县静州村为例，从几个主要影响因素出发分析了岷江上游半干旱区耕地的生产潜力。并对生产潜力的估算及其订正系数的依据方法有的改进，运用于分析之中，结果可行。计算结果表明，静州村耕地生产潜力平均可达１２４１３．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，目前产量仅有９０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，还大有潜力可挖。     

THE WATER BALANCE IN NEWFOUNDLAND1

ABSTRACT: Due to the lack of instrumentally obtained data on evaporation in Newfoundland, and the underrepresentation of precipitation values an accurate assessment of the water balance of the Province is not possible at this time. The various existent assessments of PE and AE are reviewed and water surplus of the Island is calculated.     

镉对豚鼠心房和家兔窦房结动作电位及收缩力的影响

镉可致大白鼠贫血,并可诱发肺癌。镉对心血管系统的影响可使血压升高。然而,镉对心脏本身的影响目前报道很少。Nilius等人报告在心室肌细胞中存在着一种允许Ca~(2+)通过的Ca~(2+)通道。有人报道Ca~(2+)通道可被外界镉所阻断。为了进一步证实镉对心肌的影响,本研究从细胞水平探讨镉对Ca~(2+)的影响,为人们认识及防治镉对心脏的毒性提供一些依据。     

多重分形与地球化学元素的分布规律

为进一步探讨用分形与多重分形的方法研究地球化学场中元素的分布规律的重要意义,运用Q Q图和直方图探讨了元素的空间分布规律,随后运用多重分形矩方法研究了安徽省长江以南以北各约22000km2和18100km2区域内5489个和4524个水系沉积物样品中14种元素的分形分布规律。结果表明,金属地球化学场元素在空间上的分布并不是简单的正态或对数正态分布,而四连续多重分形分布,其α f(α)曲线上凸且连续,拥有主要大型矿床的安徽江南地区α f(α)曲线的开口明显大于成矿相对较弱的安徽江北地区。元素的多重分形谱函数的形态特征对区域成矿潜力研究将具有一定的指示意义。