海峡西岸清洁岛屿秋季VOCs特征及来源解析

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是臭氧（O₃）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的重要前体物.为夯实国内海岛背景点VOCs监测,研究海峡西岸清洁岛屿平潭VOCs污染特征及来源,探索化学二次生成对清洁岛屿O₃的影响,于2018年秋季,对平潭大气VOCs进行了监测研究.结果表明,平潭2018年秋季VOCs浓度为1.94~52.12 μg·m^-3,平均值为15.54 μg·m^-3,烷烃占比最高（66.02%）,乙烷为浓度的最大物种,达到6.82 μg·m^-3.平潭秋季VOCs浓度日变化呈双峰型,表现出典型的人类活动相关性.经比较甲苯/苯（T/B）可知,平潭秋季VOCs来源主要是交通排放及燃料蒸发.利用正交矩阵分解（PMF）源解析发现,汽车尾气（72.8%）、船舶排放（12.4%）、生物质燃烧（8.7%）、工业排放和溶剂使用（3.5%）和燃料蒸发（2.6%）是平潭VOCs的五大来源.平潭秋季VOCs的O₃生成潜势（OFP）差异较大,其中,烯烃（62.6%） > 烷烃（24.7%） > 芳香烃（12.7%）.当平潭O₃属于VOCs控制型时,控制大气中烯烃的浓度可一定程度上防治平潭O₃的污染.     

面向可持续城市生态系统管理的资源环境承载力评价方法与实践应用——以烟台市为例

全面科学的资源环境承载力评价是国土空间规划编制的前提。面向可持续生态系统管理视角,提出了由“潜在”和“现实”资源环境承载力构成的资源环境承载力评价框架和理论模型,并以烟台为案例进行应用,分析了“潜在”和“现实”资源环境承载指数的相互关系。结果表明：（1）烟台市“潜在”资源环境承载指数总体偏高,“现实”资源环境承载指数总体中等,各区（县）空间差异较大。（2）水资源短缺与环境污染问题是未来影响烟台市可持续发展的瓶颈,资源环境禀赋的限制和经济发展对城市生态系统服务弱供给区域影响较大,对“潜在”资源环境承载指数的影响在城市边缘区域较大。（3）所提出的评价逻辑框架和理论模型应用效果良好,丰富和完善了资源环境承载力评价理论方法。     

基于GIS的生物制药企业VOCs扩散风险评估

以上海市某发酵类生物制药企业为研究对象,对其排放的苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯酚、甲醇、甲醛6种VOCs的扩散规律进行模拟,采用最大增量反应（MIR）与风险评估四步法分别对VOCs的臭氧生成潜势与健康风险进行评估,并使用ArcGIS软件实现人体健康风险的可视化.结果表明：生物发酵制药企业排放的甲苯与二甲苯对臭氧生成的贡献度较高,分别占47%和29%;通过呼吸途径产生的居民致癌风险为7.04×10^-7,低于美国环保署（USEPA）推荐的可接受风险水平（1×10^-6）;非致癌物质引起的健康风险较小,远低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平（1）.因此,本研究中发酵类生物制药企业排放的VOCs不会对人体造成潜在的健康危害,但需考虑对臭氧生成的贡献,并应控制企业甲苯和二甲苯的排放量.     

Particulates and carbon monoxide pollution on production floor of steel recycling plant

For this study, particulates or particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels were monitored at different sections on the production floor of a scrap metal recycling factory. A Met‐One GT331 dust monitor and A Toxi‐Rae gas monitor were used to measure PM and CO concentrations, respectively. The 24‐hr averaging period concentrations of particulate matter having diameters of 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter having diameters of 10 microns or less in diameter (PM₁₀), and total suspended particulates (TSP) within the plant ranged between 8.3 and 50.4 μg/m³, 12.0 and 151.3 μg/m³, and 30.0 and 285.0 μg/m³, respectively, while the maximum 8‐hr concentration of CO within the plant was 20.5 parts per million (ppm). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) limits for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and CO were exceeded only in the area around the furnace. Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank statutory limit for TSP were also exceeded in the area around the furnace. Toxicity potentials (TP) of the investigated pollutants were greater than 1.0 around the furnace, indicating that work spaces in proximity to the furnace could expose workers to adverse health conditions.     

On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles(LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons(HC) and nitrogen oxides(NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential(OFP) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity(MIR)method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.     

洞庭湖表层水和底泥中重金属污染状况及其变化趋势

为评价洞庭湖重金属污染程度,分析了洞庭湖湖区9个采样点表层水及底泥中Hg、Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Cu的浓度水平,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对底泥中的重金属污染现状进行评价. 结果表明,洞庭湖表层水中重金属质量浓度远低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》一级标准限值,底泥中w(Hg)、w(Cr)、w(Cd)、w(As)、w(Pb)和w(Cu)均高于背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的5.0、3.1、22.7、2.2、2.5和1.9倍. 洞庭湖表层水中ρ(As)与底泥中w(As)呈显著正相关. 近30年来,洞庭湖底泥中除w(Hg)下降外,其他重金属质量分数均有所上升. 地积累指数法评价结果表明,洞庭湖底泥中不同种类的重金属I_geo(地累积指数)表现为Cd＞Hg＞Cr＞As＞Pb＞Cu,Cd和Hg的I_geo分别为3.92和1.73;不同区域的重金属I_tot(综合地积累指数)呈虞公庙>横岭湖>洞庭湖出口>东洞庭湖>蒋家嘴>鹿角>万子湖>南嘴>小河嘴的分布特征,虞公庙和横岭湖的I_tot均大于10.0.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,各污染物对洞庭湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度为Cd＞As＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Pb,整个洞庭湖区的RI(潜在生态风险指数)为99.0~696.7,平均值为281.8,属于中等潜在生态危害,其中南洞庭湖的虞公庙和万子湖的RI分别为696.7和565.9,已成为潜在生态风险区域.      

官厅水库沉积物重金属沉积通量及沉积物记录的生态风险变化规律

采集官厅水库沉积物柱状样,分析了沉积物中6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的垂直分布特征和沉积通量,并采用潜在生态危害指数评价其生态风险.结果表明:6种重金属平均含量分别为0.205、65.5、37.6、39.5、33.6和104 mg·kg-1,与北京市土壤背景值相比,超标1.4~2.2倍;随时间的变化,沉积物中Cd和Ni含量相对稳定,而Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn含量呈现先降低、80年代后趋于平稳的趋势;1980年以来,重金属沉积通量随时间呈现有规律的递减,到2014年减少了约40%.官厅水库沉积物中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的年沉积量分别为0.0113、3.63、2.09、2.19、1.86和5.72 t.富集系数显示,表层沉积物中各重金属均未发生富集(富集系数小于1.5).官厅水库表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数RI值范围为58.8~113.0,均值为80.9,总体属于低生态风险;垂直分布上,在1985年后,水库各采样点沉积物中重金属的风险程度RI随着时间均呈现减小的趋势.总体来说,官厅水库沉积物中重金属污染相对较轻,对水库水环境质量不构成威胁.     

水稻田非点源污染原位试验研究

为了研究野外水稻田的非点源污染,本试验采取一种新的原位观测方法:即在不改变水稻田原有出流特征前提下,在水稻生长季采集田面水水位和降雨信息,通过水位变化曲线计算水稻田每日的蒸散发和渗漏损失量,再根据水量平衡关系计算径流量.观测期间定期采集田面水测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度,根据径流量和浓度估算非点源污染流出负荷量.试验选取北京市海淀区上庄镇某村水稻田试验田块,通过1年的试验观测得到在生长季内的37场降雨中共有9场降雨产生了出流.另外,还有2次人工排水和1次农田回归流形成了非点源污染.经计算试验区水稻田每个生长季TN输出系数为8.8 kg·hm-2,TP输出系数为0.47 kg·hm-2.该观测方法针对具有多出水口且最低田埂高度动态变化的野外水稻田的非点源污染观测具有较强的可操作性.     

Decomposition of 1,4-dioxane by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation: Study of economic feasibility and by-product formation

We report the first use of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) treatment to decompose 1,4-dioxane, a persistent organic contaminant that is difficult to remove by conventional drinking water treatment processes. The efficiency of VUV treatment was compared to that of VUV- and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (VUV/TiO₂, VUV/H₂O₂, UV/TiO₂, and UV/H₂O₂), and by-product formation was investigated. VUV treatment decomposed 1,4-dioxane more rapidly than did UV and UV/TiO₂ treatments. The decomposition rate was enhanced when VUV irradiation was combined with TiO₂ or H₂O₂. VUV/H₂O₂ decomposed 1,4-dioxane more rapidly than UV/H₂O₂ at a low H₂O₂ dose (1 mg/L), but the rate difference became small at a high H₂O₂ dose (5 mg/L). Electrical energy per order analysis revealed that VUV treatment, and the VUV- and UV-based AOPs, were economically feasible for 1,4-dioxane decomposition. Using raw water samples, we investigated by-product formation during VUV treatment and the effect of VUV irradiation on chlorinated disinfection by-product formation potential. Although the samples contained high concentrations of bromide, no bromate was produced by VUV treatment. VUV treatment slightly decreased trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), whereas haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) was unchanged, and total aldehyde concentration increased. The trend in HAAFP agreed with that had been reported for the VUV irradiation with much higher dose (Buchanan et al., 2006), whereas the trend in THMFP was different from that with much higher dose. THMFP, HAAFP, and aldehyde concentration were reduced by subsequent treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC) or biological activated carbon (BAC). Nitrite was produced by VUV treatment but disappeared after subsequent BAC treatment. These results suggest that VUV treatment should be combined with GAC or BAC treatment to suppress by-product formation.     

Influence of sugar cane vinasse on the sorption and degradation of herbicides in soil under controlled conditions

This study reports the influence of sugar cane vinasse on the persistence, sorption and leaching potential of diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) in both a clay and sandy soil from a tropical area of Brazil. The experiments were conducted out under controlled laboratory conditions. The addition of sugarcane vinasse to soil influenced the persistence and sorption of the herbicides in both the studied clay and sandy soils, with a considerable decrease in the diuron DT₅₀ values in clay soil. The Ground Water Ubiquity Score (GUS) Index classifies the herbicides as leachers in both soils and treatments, with the exception of diuron, which is classified as a non-leacher in clay soil-vinasse and as a transient herbicide in sandy soil. These results suggest that special attention should be given to areas such as those where the sandy soil was collected in this study, which is a recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer and is likely to experience groundwater contamination due to the high leaching potential of the applied pesticides.