天津某污水处理厂的能源审计与节能潜力分析

以天津某污水处理厂的能源审计为例,通过统计核算该厂的能源消费数据和经济数据,分析了该厂的能源利用状况,讨论了其在生产和管理过程中的节能潜力,并针对性地提出了切实可行的节能建议.研究成果对促进企业经济和环境的可持续发展具有重要意义,同时也为其他污水处理厂节能工作的开展和推进提供参考.     

Azinphos Methyl Residues in Shallow Groundwater from the Fruit Production Region of Northern Patagonia,Argentina

Groundwater samples were collected from monitoring wells along an area of intensive fruit production. Different types of correlations were investigated between soil physicochemical characteristics, depths and agricultural practices with pesticide detection frequency. In the three analyzed periods azinphos methyl, S-(3,4-diydro-4-oxobenzo[d]-[1,2,3]-triazin-3-ylmethyl)-O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate, showed a definite seasonal behavior related to the application pattern, increasing its concentration in the aquifer from October to November-December and then decreasing towards March. Samples obtained during the non-spraying season showed that azinphos methyl residues were lower than detection limit (LOD).

An inverse correlation was observed between azinphos methyl concentration and the time elapsed since the last pesticide application. Seasonal events such as rain and irrigation influence the chemical concentration in the well, while no correlation was obtained between soil characteristics and azinphos methyl concentration. The soil attenuation capacity was not enough to prevent the presence of azinphos methyl in the aquifer during the application season.     

Effect of day time climatic conditions associated with different 2,4-D formulations on spray deposition and weed control

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of time of the day and their associated climatic conditions on spray deposition of two 2,4-D formulations, as well as the influence on weed control. The experiment was installed in the field in complete randomized design. Treatments were arranged in factorial design 8?×?2, with 20 repetitions. First factor corresponded to different application time (1:00, 4:00, 7:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00, and 22:00) with their respective climatic conditions. The second factor consisted of two formulations of 2,4-D applied at 776?g a.e. ha^?1 (2,4-D amine and 2,4-D choline salt with Colex-D? Technology) + glyphosate (816?g a.e. ha^?1). There was more spray deposition when 2,4-D choline formulation was used, and such differences were more evident for applications performed under adverse climatic conditions. More spray deposition was found in applications performed at times of day with more favorable temperature and humidity of the air conditions. Only the initial control of the evaluated species was affected by the time of application.     

Current EU-27 technical potential of organic waste streams for biogas and energy production

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste generated by households, businesses, agriculture, and industry is an important approach as method of waste treatment – especially with regard to its potential as an alternative energy source and its cost-effectiveness. Separate collection of biowaste from households or vegetal waste from public green spaces is already established in some EU-27 countries. The material recovery in composting plants is common for biowaste and vegetal waste. Brewery waste fractions generated by beer production are often used for animal feeding after a suitable preparation. Waste streams from paper industry generated by pulp and paper production such as black liquor or paper sludge are often highly contaminated with toxic substances. Recovery of chemicals and the use in thermal processes like incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification are typical utilization paths. The current utilization of organic waste from households and institutions (without agricultural waste) was investigated for EU-27 countries with Germany as an in-depth example. Besides of biowaste little is known about the suitability of waste streams from brewery and paper industry for anaerobic digestion. Therefore, an evaluation of the most important biogas process parameters for different substrates was carried out, in order to calculate the biogas utilization potential of these waste quantities. Furthermore, a calculation of biogas energy potentials was carried out for defined waste fractions which are most suitable for anaerobic digestion. Up to 1% of the primary energy demand can be covered by the calculated total biogas energy potential. By using a “best-practice-scenario” for separately collected biowaste, the coverage of primary energy demand may be increased above 2% for several countries. By using sector-specific waste streams, for example the German paper industry could cover up to 4.7% and the German brewery industry up to 71.2% of its total energy demand.     

蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究

以涡度相关法的实测资料为标准,对波文比-能量平衡法、空气动力学法、Penman-Monteith模型、Shuttleworth-Wallace模型进行对比研究,并分析了各种方法的精度和灵敏度。结果表明:Penman-Monteith模型和波文比-能量平衡法的精度最高,Shuttleworth-Wallace模型和空气动力学法的精度较差。Penman-Monteith模型的稳定性较好,波文比-能量平衡法受Δe和ΔT观测精度的影响大,风温湿观测高度以及下垫面是否均一对空气动力学法影响较大,Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对各类阻抗较为敏感。     

水体中卤乙酸(HAAs)的产生、测定方法与控制途径

对饮用水中普遍存在的消毒副产物形式HAAs的产生、测定方法以及控制途径进行了阐述.并对影响HAAs生成的主要因素投氯量、溴的影响以及卤乙酸副产物(HAAFP)含量等进行了分析.生物活性炭技术是一种非常有效的控制HAAs含量和减少HAAFP含量的方法,对于保障饮用水安全性具有重要意义.     

定电位电解二氧化硫传感器特性研究

选用了3SF定电位电解型传感器作为二氧化硫连续在线监测探头。通过对该传感器各项特性指标的研究表明：该传感器在0～2500mg／m^3测量范围内,输出信号线性相关系数为0．9989,零点漂移为0．64％F．S．,相对准确度最大偏差为28mg／m^3,响应时间为30s,以上特性符合国家HJ／T76—2001标准中对二氧化硫传感器的各项指标要求,试验研究表明该传感器可用于二氧化硫连续在线监测。     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. Inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...     

Estimation of Evapotranspiration Across the Conterminous United States Using a Regression With Climate and Land‐Cover Data1

Sanford, Ward E. and David L. Selnick, 2012. Estimation of Evapotranspiration Across the Conterminous United States Using a Regression with Climate and Land‐Cover Data. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12010 Abstract: Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important quantity for water resource managers to know because it often represents the largest sink for precipitation (P) arriving at the land surface. In order to estimate actual ET across the conterminous United States (U.S.) in this study, a water‐balance method was combined with a climate and land‐cover regression equation. Precipitation and streamflow records were compiled for 838 watersheds for 1971‐2000 across the U.S. to obtain long‐term estimates of actual ET. A regression equation was developed that related the ratio ET/P to climate and land‐cover variables within those watersheds. Precipitation and temperatures were used from the PRISM climate dataset, and land‐cover data were used from the USGS National Land Cover Dataset. Results indicate that ET can be predicted relatively well at a watershed or county scale with readily available climate variables alone, and that land‐cover data can also improve those predictions. Using the climate and land‐cover data at an 800‐m scale and then averaging to the county scale, maps were produced showing estimates of ET and ET/P for the entire conterminous U.S. Using the regression equation, such maps could also be made for more detailed state coverages, or for other areas of the world where climate and land‐cover data are plentiful.     

Estimating Annual Groundwater Evapotranspiration from Phreatophytes in the Great Basin Using Landsat and Flux Tower Measurements

Escalating concerns about water supplies in the Great Basin have prompted numerous water budget studies focused on groundwater recharge and discharge. For many hydrographic areas (HAs) in the Great Basin, most of the recharge is discharged by bare soil evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET) from phreatophyte vegetation. Estimating recharge from precipitation in a given HA is difficult and often has significant uncertainty, therefore it is often quantified by estimating the natural discharge. As such, remote sensing applications for spatially distributing flux tower estimates of ET and groundwater ET (ET_g) across phreatophyte areas are becoming more common. We build on previous studies and develop a transferable empirical relationship with uncertainty bounds between flux tower estimates of ET and a remotely sensed vegetation index, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Energy balance‐corrected ET measured from 40 flux tower site‐year combinations in the Great Basin was statistically correlated with EVI derived from Landsat imagery (r² = 0.97). Application of the relationship to estimate mean‐annual ET_g from four HAs in western and eastern Nevada is highlighted and results are compared with previous estimates. Uncertainty bounds about the estimated mean ET_g allow investigators to evaluate if independent groundwater discharge estimates are “believable” and will ultimately assist local, state, and federal agencies to evaluate expert witness reports of ET_g, along with providing new first‐order estimates of ET_g.