城市湖泊表层沉积物中的重金属污染现状及其风险评价——以武汉墨水湖为例

水体沉积物中的重金属会对生态系统构成直接和间接的威胁.为了研究工业化、城市化过程中城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染现状及其暴露风险，以武汉市墨水湖为研究对象，测定了5种重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb及Cr在表层沉积物中的含量，分析了其污染程度、分布特征，并对其稳定度进行了分析.结果表明，墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重，在所有采样点5种重金属含量均高于最低效应阈值（LEL），多数采样点甚至超过了严重效应阈值（SEL）.该湖泊沉积物中重金属分布具有比较明显的空间差异性：排污口区>湖中心水域>城区岸边带>林田岸边带；其稳定程度依次为：Zn < Cu < Ni < Pb < Cr，其中Zn交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例超过50%，稳定程度极低.而Pb、Cr稳定程度较高，其交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例小于10%.像墨水湖这样受纳高污染负荷市政污水、暴雨径流的城市湖泊，其潜在的重金属生物活性，必须引起足够的重视.     

笼养肉鸡舍冬季挥发性有机物排放特征

畜禽养殖过程产生的挥发性有机物（VOCs）会影响周围环境质量和人畜健康.针对肉鸡养殖过程挥发性有机物排放特征研究较少,主要致臭物质及致癌、非致癌健康风险影响评价不明确、臭氧生成潜力分析不足等问题,开展了对肉鸡舍内挥发性有机物的现场监测试验,在肉鸡舍采用苏玛罐采样结合气相色谱-质谱法分析了冬季肉鸡生长前期、生长中期和生长后期VOCs的排放特征.结果表明,肉鸡生长过程中共检测出77种VOCs,包括16种卤代烃、21种烷烃、5种烯烃、12种芳香烃、15种含氧VOCs （OVOCs）和8种含硫化合物.整个生长阶段舍内卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和OVOCs浓度变化不大,但是随着肉鸡的生长,含硫氨基酸摄入量和粪便排污系数增加,舍内排放的VOCs逐渐转为硫化物为主.含硫VOCs浓度在生长前期和中期呈现不断升高趋势,但是生长后期舍内通风量增加导致含硫VOCs浓度降低.肉鸡生长过程中监测到的VOCs中主要致臭物质为萘、乙酸乙酯、乙醛、二硫化碳、二甲基二硫、甲硫醇、甲硫醚和噻吩,其中甲硫醇的恶臭指数最高,范围为2172.4~19090.9;生长前期和生长中期存在可能致癌健康风险,终生癌症风险（LCR）值分别为7.7×10^-6和4.5×10^-6.舍内VOCs臭氧生成潜势（OFP）平均值为（1458.9±787.4）μg ·m^-3.结果明确了肉鸡生长过程中VOCs的排放特征,摸清了致臭物质、健康风险和臭氧生成潜势,可为肉鸡养殖过程中污染气体减排策略的制定提供科学依据.     

偶氮染料循环伏安行为和生物厌氧脱色相关性研究

对4种结构相似偶氮染料的循环伏安特性研究及其生物厌氧脱色速率实验,结果表明,所选结构相似染料的生物脱色速率最快的是酸性黄-Bis(E_r=-616.75 mV),速率为0.012 09 mol·(L·h)^-1,依次是酸性黄-11[E_r=-593.25 mV,0.010 40mol·(L·h)^-1],酸性黄-4[E_r=-513 mV,0.007 575 mol·(L·h)^-1],且脱色速率与其循环伏安图中的还原峰电位间存在线性关系.研究还表明,电化学方法在一定程度上可对生物体系发生生化反应进行部分模拟和预测.     

海五联区域阴极安全保护智能监测系统

阐述了ACPS-Ⅱ阴极安全保护智能监测系统的组成、特点以及在海五联合站的应用,指出阴极安全保护监测技术是阴极安全保护技术的发展方向,有着广泛的推广应用前景.     

The impact of seasonal variations in DOC arising from a moorland peat catchment on coagulation with iron and aluminium salts

Natural organic matter (NOM) is one of the main sources of environmental pollution to drinking water supplies in much of the UK and the US. Whilst traditional treatment with trivalent coagulants has proven a successful strategy in the past, operational problems are now being reported during periods of elevated organic levels in the water. Characterisation of the pollutants in terms of polarity, molecular weight and charge, provides a method to understand the impact of the observed temporal and spatial variations in terms of a mechanistic parameter relevant to the treatment processes. Results from this study demonstrate that it is not simply the increased organic concentration, but also the change in NOM composition and character, which influences the impact on the treatment processes. Consequently, monitoring of these parameters provides an insight into how to manage the impact caused by environmental changes to the catchments.     

EQUILIBRIUM EVAPORATION AND POSITWE EVAPORATION-SURFACE TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS A GRASSLAND1

Sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, soil moisture (SM) and surface temperatures (T_s) were analyzed from seven sites at FIFE to evaluate relationships among the spatial variability of evaporative fraction, EF, SM, and the diurnal surface temperature range (T_dr). Intersite correlations between EF and T_dr were significantly negative for regional average soil moisture SM_r < 20 percent, insignificant for 20 < SM_r < 27 percent, and slightly positive for SM_r > 27 percent. Statistical analysis of the pooled correlation coefficient between EF and T_dr for SM_r < 20 percent indicates that it is less than zero at a very high level of significance, while the pooled correlation coefficient for regional SM_r > 27 percent is greater than zero at the 10 percent level. The positive EF:T_dr correlations are attributed to increased surface vapor pressure at warmer sites under nearly potential conditions. These results suggest that to characterize the spatial variability of the energy budget partitioning, a variable representing the thermal response of the site should be included. An important application of these findings relates to modeling the subgrid variability of a region by subdividing the region into a few classes within which surface variables and parameters are assumed invariant. The thermal response of the surface should be included as a variable in defining these classes.     

Thermal Characteristics of Stormwater Runoff from Asphalt and Sod Surfaces1

Abstract: Urban impervious surfaces absorb and store thermal energy, particularly during warm summer months. During a rainfall/runoff event, thermal energy is transferred from the impervious surface to the runoff, causing it to become warmer. As this higher temperature runoff enters receiving waters, it can be harmful to coldwater habitat. In an urban watershed, impervious asphalt surfaces (roads, parking lots, and driveways) and pervious residential lawns comprise a significant portion of the watershed area. A paired asphalt‐turfgrass sod plot was constructed to compare the thermal runoff characteristics between asphalt and turfgrass sod surfaces, to identify meteorological variables that influence these thermal characteristics, and to evaluate evaporative heat loss for runoff from asphalt surfaces. Rainfall simulations were conducted during the summers of 2004 and 2005 under a range of climatic conditions. Asphalt surface temperatures immediately prior to rainfall simulations averaged 43.6°C and decreased an average of 12.3°C over 60 min as rain cooled the surface. In contrast, presimulation sod surface temperatures averaged only 23.3°C and increased an average of 1.3°C throughout the rainfall events. Heat transferred from the asphalt to the runoff resulted in initial asphalt runoff temperatures averaging 35.0°C that decreased by an average of 4.1°C at the end of the event. Sod runoff temperatures averaged only 25.5°C and remained fairly constant throughout the simulations. Multivariable regression equations were developed to predict (1) average asphalt surface temperature (R² = 0.90) and average asphalt runoff temperature (R² = 0.92) as a function of solar radiation, rain temperature, and wind speed, and (2) average sod surface temperature (R² = 0.85) and average sod runoff temperature (R² = 0.94) as a function of solar radiation, rain temperature, rain intensity, and wind speed. Based on a heat balance analysis, existing evaporation equations developed from studies on lakes were not adequate to predict evaporation from runoff on a heated impervious surface. The combined heat from the asphalt and sod plots was an average of 38% less than the total heat had the total area consisted solely of asphalt.     

四川省境内核工业放射性废物污染的潜在危险及防治对策

本文通过对四川省境内核工业放射性废物污染的潜在危险分析，提出了污染的对策。     

亚热带地区潜流人工湿地木本植物筛选与净化潜力评价

为了解决亚热带地区人工湿地植物的冬季草本植物地上部分枯死的问题,本研究引入16种木本植物到潜流人工湿地中进行净化潜力筛选与评价,并对木本植物的适应形态特性、生理特性、氮磷积累量指标进行了聚类分析.结果表明,测试木本植物的成活率、株高增幅、根长增幅、根系活力、叶绿素含量、超氧化歧化酶、丙二醛、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶、生长量、氮磷平均浓度、氮磷的积累量都存在很大差异.采用建立的净化潜力评价体系将测试植物聚类分为3大类,较强的有夹竹桃、木槿,中等的有:棕榈、小叶迎春、栀子花、六月雪、龟甲冬青,较弱的有:大叶冬青、常春藤、金森女贞、金叶女贞、金边七里香、七里香、桂花、十大功劳、红叶石楠.     

鄱阳湖持久性有机污染物（POPs）长距离传输潜力模拟

利用TaPL3模型模拟研究了鄱阳湖5种典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov),比较了不同污染物特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,并以p,p’-DDT为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,p,p’-DDT、γ-HCH、HCB、PCP和2,3,7,8-TCDD排放到大气中,特征迁移距离(CTDAir)在432 km(2,3,7,8-TCDD)~86479 km(HCB)之间,总持久性(PovAir)在85.6 d(PCP)~2231 d(HCB)之间,土壤相是POPs的主要归宿,约占72.0%;排放到水体中,特征迁移距离(CTDWater)在4207 km(PCP)~1.19×105km(γ-HCH)之间,总持久性(PovWater)在103 d(PCP)~2890 d(HCB)之间,沉积物相是POPs的主要归宿,约占52.5%.环境介质中的半衰期和辛醇-水分配系数的对数是影响污染物CTD和Pov的主要理化性质参数.与同类研究相比,相关POPs在鄱阳湖的CTDAir处于中间水平,但CTDWater偏高,这与鄱阳湖的水体深度和水体流速这两个对CTDWater影响显著的参数较其它研究区域高有关.研究结果可为该地区POPs的环境过程及环境风险的研究提供科学依据.