Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

长江流域水质型缺水态势及节水思路初探

水质型缺水是长江流域的主要缺水类型之一。通过研究认为，长江流域以河流、湖泊和水库为水源的水质型缺水主要是由于污水排放引起，以地下水为水源的水质型缺水主要是农药、化肥其残留物、各种垃圾废弃物的渗滤液、以及海水和苦咸水侵入造成，因此，水质型缺水地区节水的实质是保护现有水资源，防止水污染。通过对长江流域水质型缺水地区农业、工业和生活节水存在问题以及节水难点的分析，认为，长江流域水质型缺水地区农业节水潜力巨大，工业节水和生活节水仍有较大的节水空间，农业节水可从提高灌溉水利用系数、推广节水灌溉面积取得突破成果，工业节水可从工业技术改造和技术更新、分质供水及中水利用取得突破成果，生活节水可从降低管网漏失率和大力推广节水器具取得突破性成果。     

Determination of groundwater potential in obiaruku and environs using surface geoelectric sounding

The interpretation of ten resistivity curves in Obiaruku and environs indicates that the area has a great groundwater potential. Correlation of the curves with the lithologic log from a nearby borehole in Ghana quarters, reveals the lithologic succession as an extensive sandy unit between the range of 20 m and 136 m. The medium grained sand unit, which is the aquiferous zone, has a resistivity range of between 300 Ω m and 600 Ω m. The result of the interpreted data and the lithologic log from the borehole indicates three to five geoelectric layers except at Adonishaka, which has a confined aquifer in the third layer and Umukwata that has a confined aquifer in the second layer, the study area generally has an unconfined aquifer, which is in the second layer. In the event of pollution, the groundwater may be contaminated. Sinking of water borehole is not recommended in these areas. Boreholes for potable water are therefore recommended at locations within Adonishaka and Umukwata areas. The present study acts as a guide for future groundwater exploration and exploitation.     

Relative Contribution of Inbreeding Depression and Eroded Adaptive Diversity to Extinction Risk in Small Populations of Shore Campion

Abstract:  To study the relative importance of inbreeding depression and the loss of adaptive diversity in determining the extinction risk of small populations, we carried out an experiment in which we crossed and self-fertilized founder plants from a single, large population of shore campion ( Silene littorea Brot.). We used the seeds these plants produced to colonize 18 new locations within the distribution area of the species. The reintroduced populations were of three kinds: inbred and genetically homogeneous, each made up of selfed seed from a single plant; inbred and mixed, made up of a mixture of selfed seeds from all founder plants; and outbred and mixed, made up of a mixture of seeds obtained in outcrosses between the founders. We compared the inbred homogeneous populations with the inbred mixed to measure the effect of genetic diversity among individuals and the inbred mixed with the outbred mixed to measure the effect of inbreeding. Reintroduction success was seriously limited by inbreeding, whereas it was not affected by genetic diversity. This observation and the nonsignificant interaction between family and reintroduction location for individual plant characters suggest that the fixation of overall deleterious genes causing inbreeding depression posed a more serious threat to the short-term survival of the populations than the loss of genes involved in genotype and environment interactions. Thus, reintroduction success was related to adaptive diversity. Preventing such fixation might be the most important consideration in the genetic management and conservation of shore campion populations.     

Transformation of N-, O-, and S- heterocycles (NOSHs) in estuarine sediments: Effects of redox potential and sediment particle size

The transformation of 19 N-, O-, and S- heterocycles (NOSHs) was examined in estuarine sediment-water microcosms. The effects of redox potential (Eh) and sediment particle size on compound transformation rates were evaluated, and stable products were identified. Results from stirred, controlled Eh/pH microcosms (CEPMs) showed that most of the NOSHs were significantly transformed under oxidized and reduced conditions over 15 week incubations, and the resulting product distributions were similar. In general, the rates and extent of transformation were greater in oxidized sediments of low surface area vs. those with high particle surface area and reduced redox conditions. Further experiments in sealed, unstirred microcosms also showed that NOSH transformation proceeded more slowly and on fewer compounds in fine vs. coarser grained sediments under oxidized conditions. Unlike the stirred systems, however, NOSH transformation rates were similar or greater under reduced vs. oxidized conditions. Thus, reduced, methanogenic clay of high surface area displayed some of the fastest rates of NOSH transformation. Data from liquid-liquid partitioning experiments suggested that this effect was related to the formation of NOSH complexes with iron and perhaps other redox-active metals in sediments.     

The Effects of Acidity on Carbon Fluxes from Ombrotrophic Peat

Replicate intact peat/vegetation monoliths were collected along a pollution gradient in the UK and subjected over one year to 1200 mm of simulated rainfall of the same chemical composition as they received in the field. Drainage water was analysed periodically for DOC and pH, and the decomposition rates of Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum angustifolium leaves were measured, as well as soil atmosphere CO₂ contents and peat matric potentials. the chemical characteristics of the peats as initially sampled from the field also were determined. the results suggest that acidic precipitation has induced chemical changes in ombrotrophic peats, lowering their pH and base status, when due account is taken of calcium deposition or any mineral content. Greater DOC fluxes were observed from the more acid peats, and litter decomposition rates from these peats were reduced.     

四川省自然资源开发潜力分析

四川省自然资源丰富。但其开发潜力具有两重性:合理开发,资源可永续利用;不合理开发,会导致资源危机或枯竭。该省石油、煤炭后备资源不足,应引起重视。还就黑色金属、有色金属、非金属、能源、水源、耕地、森林、草地等资源的开发前景作了预测。     

APPLICATION OF CROP YIELD FUNCTIONS IN RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: A model is developed for real-time operation of an irrigation reservoir with the objective of maximizing the value of multiple crop yields during a growing season. The model employs monthly additive and product forms of crop yield functions for dry matter and grain crops, respectively. The resulting nonlinear optimization model uses a log transform to reduce nonlinearities in the model. An application of the proposed model is compared to a common operating rule used in simulation models. The proposed model results were better in terms of net benefits from crop yields. The model uses GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) language. It requires an IBM-compatible microcomputer and is suitable for use by a reservoir manager.     

最后间冰期至未来2070s中国潜在自然植被时空分布格局及其对气候变化的响应

潜在自然植被（PNV）对生态环境的修复与重建、自然保护区的规划与建设和农牧业的生产与发展均有着重要的指导作用。研究基于综合顺序分类系统（CSCS）,利用最后间冰期至未来2070s六个时期的温度和降水量数据,模拟中国PNV的时空分布格局及其对气候变化的响应。研究结果表明：（1）CSCS将六个时期中国PNV分别划分为39、37、38、40、40和40类以及10个类组。（2）寒冷干旱型类组主要分布在西北,温暖湿润型和炎热潮湿型则分布在中东部和南方。除冻原和高山草地、冷荒漠、半荒漠和温带森林草地4个类组呈现下降趋势外,其余均为上升趋势。（3）温带森林草地转变为亚热带森林草地的面积最大,占总变化面积的35.4%。（4）CSCS既未包含人类活动影响因素,又能模拟长时间序列的PNV演替。（5）最后间冰期至未来2070s,森林类组向纬度和海拔高度更高的北方及青藏高原移动。研究结果进一步明确了PNV概念的界限,揭示了气候变化对PNV演替的作用机理。     

武汉市夏季大气挥发性有机物实时组成及来源

利用在线监测仪器获取了武汉市2019年6～7月环境大气中102种挥发性有机物（VOCs）小时浓度数据.观测期间ρ（VOCs）范围为24.9～254μg·m^-3,平均值为（67.7±32.2）μg·m^-3.依据臭氧浓度标准,将观测期间划分为清洁日和污染日,对比分析清洁日和污染日气象条件、 VOCs浓度、组成、臭氧生成潜势和来源差异.污染日NO_x、 CO和VOCs的平均值分别超出清洁日34.9%、 25.0%和27.8%.污染日烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和含氧VOCs分别比清洁日高40.7%、 39.5%、 26.9%和21.5%.污染日总臭氧生成潜势为（102±69.6）μg·m^-3,超出清洁天33.5%.污染日液化石油气燃烧、工业排放、机动车排放、天然源和溶剂使用的平均贡献率分别比清洁日低3.4%、 2.5%、 0.2%、 1.3%和1.4%,油气挥发源平均贡献率比清洁日高8.8%.机动车排放源和油气挥发源的日变化均呈现早晚高、午后低的特征,与早晚高峰排放有关;LPG燃烧的日变化与餐饮油烟排放变化一致.浓度...