我国主要工业部门技术节能减排的潜力及实现途径探讨

论文在分析我国21世纪以来能源消费格局,尤其是高能耗产业能源消费的同时,比较各主要高耗能产业、 单位产品能耗与国际先进水平能耗的差距,针对高耗能产业的差距和主要问题,探讨了我国主要高耗能产业的技术节能减排潜力,以及通过高耗能产业的技术节能减排,在2020年全国实现单位GDP的CO₂排放降低40%~45%总目标中工业技术节能减排的贡献率和贡献规模。预计到2020年,通过煤电、 钢铁、 有色金属、 建材、 石化、 化工、 煤炭采选、 油气采选等主要高耗能产业的技术进步,所能实现的工业技术节能潜力为51 560×10⁴~52 000×10⁴ tec,相应减少CO₂的减排总规模为125 800×10⁴~126 880×10⁴ t,在整个单位GDP节能减排至2020年降低40%~45%的目标中,工业技术节能减排的贡献率大约占15.5%~16.5%,将不能承担起实现目标的主要责任。此外,针对我国工业技术节能减排的潜力进一步扩大,就未来主要的工业技术节能减排路径进行了讨论。     

北京潜在蒸散发量年内-年际的气候变化特征及成因辨识

论文基于北京站1951—2009 年的气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith 公式估算潜在蒸散发,并对其年际年内的变化特征进行辨析。结果表明:北京1951—2009 年年均潜在蒸散发量呈显著上升趋势;气象要素的敏感性从强到弱依次为:空气相对湿度、温度、太阳辐射和风速;论文提出实测变幅均值法,基于此方法考虑气象要素年内变化特征,估算温度、饱和差、风速和太阳辐射的贡献率分别为13%、58%、17%和11%;对气象因子的年际变化趋势进行分析,平均气温在0.05 显著水平下增加趋势显著,太阳辐射和空气相对湿度在0.05 显著水平下减少趋势显著,风速变化趋势没有通过显著性检验;综合考虑年际变化和敏感性的去趋势分析显示:温度增加和空气相对湿度减少是造成潜在蒸散发增加的主要原因,太阳辐射的减少使得其增加趋势有所减弱,但未改变其增加趋势。     

Chemical speciation and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in volcanic rocks of Southern Qinghai,China

ABSTRACT

Seven volcanic rocks samples were collected from Southern Qinghai to analyze chemical speciation and migration behavior of heavy metals by sequential chemical extraction procedure and column leaching test. The geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index and the risk assessment code were applied to assess the heavy metal pollution and potential environmental effects in this area. Results revealed that the total concentrations of heavy metals did not exceed the background values in soil of this area. Most of the samples produced acid rock drainage. The order of heavy metal migration and transformation sequence in the volcanic rocks of Zhiduo region was Cd?>?Pb?>?As?=?Cu?=?Zn?=?Mn based on the geo-accumulation index and Cd caused heavy pollution, which was also confirmed by the leaching test. Moderate potential ecological risk posed by heavy metals occurred in the study area based on the potential ecological risk index. Cd contributed to most of ecological risk while the remaining heavy metals (except As) exerted medium to high risks to the environment according to the risk assessment code evaluation results. In summary, volcanic rocks possessed potential risks to the surroundings due to potential release of heavy metals. Cd that caused the pollution should be paid special attention.     

Mercury distribution,speciation and potential ecological risk assessment in sediments from Lake Taihu,China

Abstract

Twenty-one surface sediments collected from seven surroundings areas of Lake Taihu in two different years were analyzed for total mercury (THg) concentrations, physicochemical characteristics and speciation using a sequential extraction method to assess spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk. Surface sediments from Lake Taihu contained elevated levels of Hg in two sampling years with THg levels ranging from 77 to 346?ng/g (mean 145?ng/g) in October 2010 and ranging from 122 to 573?ng/g (mean 266?ng/g) in November 2012, respectively. The mean THg concentrations in all studied surface sediments exhibited an increasing trend over time. The oxidizable fraction (F3) and residual fraction (F4) were the predominant Hg species in sediments, while more mobile Hg phases of acid-soluble fraction (F1) and reducible fraction (F2) made up less than 0.5% THg. Significant relationships were found between total organic carbon (TOC) and THg and geochemical speciation indicating an important role for organic matter in affecting distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of Hg in sediments. As evidenced by Hakanson’s potential risk index the total ecological risk of Hg was low in the entire Lake Taihu in 2010 but considered moderate in Zhushan Bay, West Coast, and Meiliang Bay in 2012. These findings provide conservation managers with information needed to more effectively regulate the environment of Lake Taihu.     

基于遥感-过程耦合模型的地表蒸散量应用研究

作为陆面过程中地气相互作用的重要过程之一,蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)在地球的大气圈-水圈-生物圈中发挥着重要作用。利用遥感-过程耦合模型BEPS,以中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料为主要输入,模拟分析了2007-2009年美国区域的地表ET,同时利用通量观测网AmeriFlux的站点观测数据验证该模型在ET模拟研究中的可靠性与适应。结果表明：12个站点通量实测值与BEPS模型模拟的ET值的相关系数为0.7297(P<0.05),表明BEPS模型能够较好的模拟研究区的地表ET。ET在1年内呈现明显的单峰趋势,5-9月ET值较高,可达60 mm·mon-1以上,最小值在1月份,值为8.39 mm·mon-1,最大值在7月份,值为118.04 mm·mon-1。该区域ET的平均年总量为505 mm·a-1。受地形、气候的影响,ET最高值对应于南部区域,这些地区ET的年总量普遍在600 mm·a-1以上,最高值为1667 mm·a-1,对应的主要覆被类型为草地和农田;中北部和东部的大部分区域ET年总量为400~600 mm·a-1;ET最小值在西部区域,年总量小于400 mm·a-1,对应覆被类型为疏林地和混交林。降水量与ET差值呈现从东向西逐渐递减的趋势,最小值主要分布在西部沙漠。整个研究区域ET与降水量之比的平均值为0.72,由东向西基本呈现增加趋势,在西部以及中北部的部分地区比值达到最大。     

上海市河网水体中As的分布特征及其生态风险评价

2012年4月,在上海市河网采集表层水和沉积物样品各53个,测定其As含量,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物As的污染状况进行了评价。研究结果表明,上海市河网表层水和沉积物中As的含量分别为0.47～8.84μg·L-1和3.72～12.65μg·g-1,其中表层水中As的浓度处于中国地表水环境质量标准Ⅰ类水平,沉积物中As的浓度有15个样点超过了上海市土壤背景值,但均低于欧盟标准推荐值;表层水中As的浓度与pH呈显著正相关,说明pH值影响河水中As的迁移和转化;沉积物中As的浓度与总有机碳含量呈显著性正相关,说明沉积物中的As主要与总有机碳结合在一起;潜在生态风险评价结果显示,上海市河网沉积物中的As属于低生态风险。     

气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地50年的气象资料、水文资料和生态环境监测资料,采用迈阿密模型及回归统计分析方法,分析了气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响,结果表明,①50年来该湿地植物气候生产潜力变化趋势总体为下降趋势,减少的气候倾向率为每10年157.7 kg·km-2,峰值时段为1970—1990年,两个谷值时段为1961—1969年、1991—2010年,最大值和最小值与降水量出现的最多值和最少值一一对应。②在15个气象水文因子中有年降水量、年蒸散量、生长季径流量、春季大风日数、水位、春季平均风速、年大风日数、水域面积8个因子达到显著性检验（P〈0.150～0.001）,上述8个因子的排序也是与湿地区域植物气候生产潜力相关程度由大到小的排序。综述表明,呼伦湖湿地区域呈暖干化趋势,并且干旱灾害比较严重,是限制气候生产潜力的重要原因。③气象水文因子协同作用对该湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响较大,复相关系数为-0.997,年蒸散量与年平均气温、年降水量、生长季径流量和水位因子对湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的贡献相反,随其减少或增加,湿地区域植物气候生产潜力变化率增加或减少149.7 kg·hm-2。可以看出,该湿地气象水文因子的匹配并不理想,暖干化趋势依然是制约该区光能利用率低下的重要原因。④该湿地区域植物现实的生产力远未达到气候生产潜力,约有近60%的潜力可以开发;光能利用率较小的主要原因：一是现有的生态保护、修复技术及管理水平还比较落后,二是该区域暖干化趋势显著;而提高气候资源利用率的有效途径是加大保护生态环境力度和积极实施人工增雨、节水灌溉工程。     

Alkyl polyglucosides as cell surface modification factors: influence of the alkyl chain length

The use of surfactants in a bioremediation process is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the removal of hydrophobic contaminants from the environment. The subjects of the study were three alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) of different alkyl chain length: Glucopon 215 CS UP, Glucopon 600 CS UP, and Glucopon 650 EC. The impact of these surfactants on the surface properties of the test strain Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 14700, as well as on the biodegradation of diesel was tested. It was observed, that the length of alkyl chain has an influence on the cell surface properties. The modification of the cell surface hydrophobicity and the electrokinetic potential on the bacteria cells is dependent on the structure of Glucopon molecules. The elongation of alkyl chains in surfactant molecule caused an increase of the hydrophobic properties and a reduction of the electrokinetic potential on the bacteria cells. Moreover, the use of APGs below critical micelle concentration caused an increase of diesel oil biodegradation, especially in the case of Glucopons with longer alkyl chain (Glucopon 600 CS UP and 650 EC). The better diesel oil removal by tested strain after surfactant addition was correlated with the hydrophobic properties of bacteria strain.     

某钨矿采空区安全隐患治理研究

我国的钨矿主要分布在中南地区。由于开采年代较为久远,开采矿脉数目较多,形成了大量的采空区群,存在极大的安全隐患。通过现场调研,分析影响采空区稳定性的因素,并通过建立计算模型,采用数值模拟的方式,对某钨矿的采空区安全隐患治理进行研究,并给出处理意见及建议。     

中亚地区气候生产潜力时空变化特征

根据中亚5 国100 个气象站1901-2000 年月平均温度和降水资料,运用Miami、Thornthwaite Memorial 模型对中亚地区气候生产潜力进行了计算,用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall 法、并结合ArcGIS 和SPSS 对其时空变化特征及驱动力进行了分析。结果表明：①中亚地区100 a 降水气候生产潜力（Yr）和蒸散气候生产潜力（Ye）均呈逐渐增加的趋势,温度气候生产潜力（Yt）趋势相反,Yr 和Ye 均发生了4 次突变,Yt 没有发生突变;②气候生产潜力区域差异明显,其中,Yt 呈从西南向东北减少的趋势,Yr 和Ye 变化比较复杂,大致具有东部大于西部的规律;③增温增湿的气候变化趋势有利于中亚气候生产潜力的提高,中亚气候生产潜力对增湿的响应更敏感。