清洁生产减排潜力分析方法研究

分析了目前清洁生产减排潜力分析的四种方法,即效益分析、情景分析、最佳可行技术分析和生命周期评价,并总结了其各自的优缺点和适用性。同时针对我国目前清洁生产研究重点领域-流域/区域清洁生产来说,系统动力学是对清洁生产减排潜力进行分析的最好方法,其动态分析性不仅适用于流域/区域清洁生产这一动态系统,而且其仿真预测功能还将为流域/区域清洁生产的推进机制研究和驱动力分析提供科学依据。     

舟山附近海域表层沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

根据2009年8月在舟山附近海域采集的表层沉积物中6种重金属的检测结果,利用变异系数法、单种重金属污染指数法、多种重金属综合污染指数法,对表层沉积物中各重金属的空间波动及污染程度进行了分析,并利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对单种和多种重金属的潜在生态危害程度进行了评价.结果表明:表层沉积物中重金属平均含量顺序依...     

浅谈商场存在的火灾隐患及预防对策

为了预防商场火灾事故的发生,本文结合作者自身多年消防监督工作的经验,深入分析了商场火灾的特点,从防火分区、安全疏散、内部装修、消防设施、消防用电、日常管理六个方面出发,详细阐述了商场存在的火灾隐患,并有针对性地提出了科学的预防对策.     

水量衡算条件下人工湿地对有机物的去除

构建了芦苇和无植物人工湿地,在系统水量衡算的基础上比较了两种湿地对生活污水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在植物收割后的冬季,有植物湿地对有机物的去除率低于无植物湿地2.2%;在其他季节,芦苇湿地对污水CODCr的去除率比无植物的高出3.2%～4.2%,但对BOD5的去除率却比无植物的低了1.8%～3.4%。有植物湿地对有机物的去除效果比无植物湿地有所改善,但是提高不多。比较了两种系统的氧化还原电位,有植物湿地比无植物湿地高（P<0.05）,这种提高主要集中在湿地水面以下约15 cm的范围,从整体来看,两块湿地内部氧化还原状态大体相同,主要是强还原环境。比较了两块湿地基质中降解有机物的细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,二者没有明显的差别,但是,有植物湿地的根际效应明显。考察了湿地进水有机负荷与去除量的关系,二者呈现显著的线性相关性(R2>0.96)。      

壳聚糖改性高分子絮凝剂对焦化废水Zeta电位的影响研究

采用混凝过程对焦化废水进行了深度处理研究,研究了壳聚糖改性高分子混凝剂的剂量、p H值对焦化废水浊度去除率和Zeta电位的影响。结果表明在混凝过程中壳聚糖改性高分子絮凝剂剂量为200mg/L,p H值为7的最佳条件下浊度去除率比色度去除率更好,它们分别是94.44%和66.67%。焦化废水混凝后絮凝体的Zeta电位显示该最佳条件下混凝后絮凝体的Zeta电位最大。     

广东柘林湾至大埕湾海域表层沉积物重金属分布与环境地球化学特征

对广东柘林湾至大埕湾海域35个站点的表层沉积物样品进行了重金属和粒度分析,重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和Cr的平均含量(mg/kg)分别为:0.053、9.7、19.2、40.0、0.11、89.0和31.4。重金属(Cd除外)平面分布多呈西高东低、由柘林湾向大埕湾递减的变化趋势。本区粒度主要以细粒的粉砂(T)和粘土质粉砂(YT)为主,只有在湾口旗头山岬角附近以及黄冈河口附近粒度较粗,为砂质(S)过度至砂质粉砂(ST),显示出滨、浅海沉积环境。通过一些环境地球化学参数计算显示,重金属富集系数在0.73~1.37之间,其中Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn属弱富集,As、Cr和Cd与当地背景值相当。单因子潜在生态风险评价Hg属于中度污染,其余重金属为低度污染。多因子总生态风险评价广大区域属于低风险,中风险仅呈零星小斑块状分布,证明本区域沉积物环境总体良好。重金属之间(Cd除外)相关性为极显著~显著,显示出相似的来源。重金属与粒度相关性为显著~弱显著,重金属大致符合粒度控制规律。     

贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水重金属污染物季节性特征及潜在健康风险评价

以贵阳市西郊水厂2014年3月和7月所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物检测数据为基础,进行了季节性特征分析,并采用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行了潜在健康风险评价。结果表明,贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属的浓度均符合国家饮用水卫生标准;重金属污染物的浓度随季节呈现出不同的特征,汞、锌、硒、钼和钡5种重金属的平均浓度呈现枯水期高于丰水期的特征,而铅、铜、锰和镍4种重金属正好相反,砷浓度的季节性特征不显著;成年人的年平均致癌风险显著大于儿童,但两者年平均非致癌风险接近;儿童和成年人2类人群经口暴露途径的健康风险值均大于皮肤暴露,其中致癌风险分别在2.49×10-6~9.16×10-6和3.26×10-8~9.59×10-8之间,非致癌风险在2.29×10-8~3.20×10-8和1.85×10-10~4.14×10-10之间,且致癌风险均大于非致癌风险。贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物致癌风险和非致癌风险均未超过最大可接受水平,未对该供水区居民的健康造成威胁。     

Temporal Changes in Streamflow and Attribution of Changes to Climate and Landuse in Wisconsin Watersheds

Previous historic trends analyses on 21st Century hydrologic data in the United States generally focus on annual flow statistics and have continued to use USGS hydro‐climatic data network (HCDN) stations, although post‐1988 diversions and runoff regulations are not reflected in the HCDN. Using a more recent dataset, Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow, version II (GAGES II), compiled by Falcone (2012), which includes more watersheds with reference conditions, a comprehensive analysis of changes in seasonal, and annual streamflow in Wisconsin watersheds is demonstrated. Given the pronounced influence of seasonal hydrology in Wisconsin watersheds, the objective of this study is to elucidate the nature of temporal (annual, seasonal, and monthly) changes in runoff. Considerable temporal and regional variability was found in annual and seasonal streamflow changes between the two historic periods 1951‐1980 and 1981‐2010 considered in the study. For example, the northern watersheds show relatively small changes in streamflow discharge ranging from ?6.0 to 4.2%, while the southern watersheds show relatively large increases in streamflow discharge ranging from 13.1 to 18.2%. To apportion streamflow changes to climate and nonclimatic factors, a method based on potential evapotranspiration changes is demonstrated. Results show that nonclimatic factors account for more than 60% of changes in annual runoff in Wisconsin watersheds considered in the study.     

Influence of zeta potential on the flocculation of cyanobacteria cells using chitosan modified soil

Using chitosan modified soil to flocculate and sediment algal cells has been considered as a promising strategy to combat cyanobacteria blooms in natural waters. However, the flocculation efficiency often varies with algal cells with different zeta potential (ZP) attributed to different growth phases or water conditions. This article investigated the relationship between ZP of Microcystis aeruginosa and its influence to the flocculation efficiency using chitosan modified soil. Results suggested that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained when the ZP was between − 20.7 and − 6.7 mV with a removal efficiency of more than 80% in 30 min and large floc size of > 350 μm. When the algal cells were more negatively charged than − 20.7 mV, the effect of chitosan modified soil was depressed (< 60%) due to the insufficient charge density of chitosan to neutralize and destabilize the algal suspension. When the algal cells were less negative than − 6.7 mV or even positively charged, a small floc size (< 120 μm) was formed, which may be difficult to sink under natural water conditions. Therefore, manipulation of ZP provided a viable tool to improve the flocculation efficiency of chitosan modified soil and an important guidance for practical engineering of cyanobacteria bloom control.     

基于PPI的土地利用优化研究

土地利用类型和管理方式是非点源污染的主要影响因素,受人类活动影响较大.基于对非点源污染防治措施的汇总分析,在三道防线的理念指导下,对密云水库流域3个典型小流域的土地利用现状进行了合理性分析,并设计了9个土地利用优化情景.以曹家路流域为例,利用PPI模型和R-PPI指数对比分析不同土地利用优化情景对环境的影响,得到最佳的土地利用组合.运用PPI模型和R-PPI指数进行土地利用优化情景的设计和比较,可以得到土地利用和管理方式的最优组合,从而优化流域内土地利用的空间分布和管理方式,削减水土流失,为土地利用规划和污染防治方案的制定和选择提供支撑.