基于贫困识别和精准帮扶的种植业产业效率——来自家庭微观数据的证据

产业帮扶是精准扶贫的重要内容,贫困识别及精准帮扶对扶贫产业效率的影响值得深入研究。基于重庆市石柱土家族自治县534个农户的调研数据,运用经典统计学分析框架检验了贫困识别和精准帮扶后村域之间及农户之间的种植业产业效率差异,并分析了差异形成的关键因素。结果表明：（1）贫困识别及精准帮扶显著促进了种植业产业效率的提高,贫困村的效率绝对值高于非贫困村,脱贫户的效率绝对值高于贫困户;（2）政策因素是造成贫困村与非贫困村、贫困户与脱贫户之间种植业效率差异显著的关键因素,其中,道路等基础设施建设及特色种植业对贫困村、脱贫户的影响尤为突出;（3）年龄对贫困地区种植业产业效率的影响呈现“U”型趋势,55~60岁属于产业效率提升的拐点;（4）高中及以上教育水平会促进种植业产业效率的提高,但农户仅具有不等年限的义务教育阶段受教育水平对其效率提升作用不明显。建议继续实施产业帮扶政策并建立绩效考核长效机制,确保贫困人口经济收入的稳步增长,缓解贫困村与非贫困村及贫困户与非贫困户间发展失衡的矛盾;提升贫困地区农业劳动力的人力资本水平可以提高扶贫产业效率。     

Capturing change in European food assistance practices: a transformative social innovation perspective

The food system’s decreasing ability to deliver food security has led to the emergence of food assistance initiatives. Food assistance is highly contested; as some argue, it is a “failure of the state”, while others regard food assistance to be an “extension of the welfare state”. Either way, research suggests that actors within food assistance are rethinking their role in the food system. In this paper, we study three food assistance initiatives, in the Netherlands, Italy and Ireland, that perform new food assistance practices while embedded in specific institutional contexts, and analyse their potential to transform the food system, drawing on Transformative Social Innovation theory. Building on transition and social innovation theory, this recently developed theory distinguishes different levels within systems, named “shades of change”, that are associated with societal transformation. By exploring these “shades” of change in the analysis, we describe aspects of the initiatives’ novel practices, and in relation to the initiative and institutional relations their motivations and expectations. We compare the three cases and discuss how food assistance practices relate to and change (or do not change) the food system. In particular, we elaborate on how these three food assistance initiatives contribute in various ways to local food and welfare system innovation. In doing so, we offer a novel perspective on food assistance initiatives. We argue that they show dynamics that have the potential for more substantial transformation towards food security over time, by building momentum through “small wins”.     

Causes of energy poverty in a cold and resource-rich country: evidence from Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is an upper-middle-income country and one of the coldest countries in the world with rich energy resources and energy prices considerably lower than in developed countries. This paper presents the first comprehensive overview of household fuel use in Kazakhstan and assesses the causes and extent of energy poverty using the Households Living Conditions Survey dataset of 12,000 households. The results show that there is an overwhelming reliance on coal in Kazakhstan: 40% of all surveyed households use coal for heating, cooking and other needs. In general, liquefied petroleum gas is mainly used for cooking, coal and firewood for heating, while electricity is rarely used for heating. Energy poverty was less prevalent in oil and gas rich regions, due to low gas prices and higher income levels in those regions, while households located in the North Kazakhstan, Central and East Kazakhstan mainly suffer from lack of cleaner fuel options, income poverty, longer and colder winters and consequently energy affordability. Despite low energy prices in Kazakhstan, the results demonstrate that 28% of surveyed households spend more than 10% of their income on energy. Gas and district heating infrastructure coverage and income inequality across its regions contributed the most to energy poverty in Kazakhstan. Energy prices are regulated and indirectly subsidised. Removing energy subsidies alone may worsen energy affordability of households. Offering direct subsidies to cover part of the energy expenditures may not fully solve the problem, but subsidies, interventions for efficient technologies and fuels, dwelling energy-efficiency improvements are necessary.     

青藏铁路未来地震灾害问题讨论

从青藏高原地震带、活动构造、活动断裂人手，讨论了该区大地震活动规律，指出东昆仑山断裂带东-西大滩段可能是未来发生大地震的最危险地段；提出了应对地震灾害的措施和建议。     

可逆配仓带式输送机除尘方法分析及应用

叙述了可逆配仓带式输送机扬尘污染的特点，以及目前常用的几种除尘方法，介绍了移动式通风口装置技术在这方面的应用实例。     

中国季风边缘带的自然灾害及成因

本文提出并讨论了季风边缘带的概念范围，并按大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈等三个方面对自然灾害的特点和成因进行了论证。认为这个地区之所以成为一个自然灾害多发区是因该区气候、地质、地貌等均有利于自然灾害的形成和发展，人为作用加剧了灾害。     

熊猫苑圈舍后山崩塌危岩带稳定性分析

熊猫苑圈舍后山崩塌是"5·12"地震中发生的一处地质灾害,危岩带上方滞留的松散块石和潜在不稳定块体,对下方中国大熊猫保护研究中心构成严重威胁.本文根据地质勘察资料,论述了熊猫苑圈舍后山危岩带的基本特征、发生机理等.采用赤平投影方法对危岩带进行了稳定性分析,预测危岩可能的破坏方式,并针对灾害体破坏模式、危害对象等特征,提...     

基于灰关联的大连庄河市生态安全评价研究

大连庄河市是辽宁沿海经济带的重点开发区,其生态安全状况对于振兴东北老工业基地有着极其重要的意义。运用灰色关联法对庄河市城市生态安全进行评价,结果表明,2002年-2008年庄河市的生态安全关联度均在5.5以上,生态安全状况比较乐观。从动态趋势上看,庄河市生态安全系统处于稳定增长状态。通过结果的分析,为沿海经济带开发在生态安全方面提供数据支持。     

浙闽裂谷带的成矿意义

浙闽裂谷带为金银铅锌铜钼金属矿床及萤石、高岭土等非金属矿床的重要成矿域,其代表性矿床有治岭头金银矿床、梅仙式块状硫化物多金属矿床、银坑斑岩型钼矿床、湖山萤石矿田、武义萤石矿田等。裂谷带活动具两个旋回,第一旋回与超大陆解体相当,始于新元古代,闭合于加里东期,代表性地层标志为中元古代地层。第二旋回始于燕山早期,止于燕山晚期,代表性地层标志为下侏罗统枫坪组地层及白垩纪断陷盆地沉积地层。第一旋回相对应区域变质、混合岩化、韧性剪切活动及岩浆岩侵位等地质作用。第二旋回相对应大规模火山喷发、岩浆侵位、断陷盆地等地质作用。第一旋回裂谷环境中,形成治岭头式金银矿和梅仙式铅锌多金属矿床的初胚或金属矿床的初始矿体;在第二旋回后期大规模火山热液的成矿作用中,使前者叠加富集,形成了巨大资源量的工业矿体,而岩体侵位形成了一系列斑岩铜矿和浙闽地区极富特色非金属矿、萤石矿成矿带。     

农业文化遗产保护目标下农户生计状况分析

农户生计是农业文化遗产认定标准之一,也是影响农业文化遗产保护与传承的关键因素,在贫困地区,遗产保护与农户脱贫的两难困境更为突出。本研究基于可持续生计理论和分析框架,以全球重要农业文化遗产地——云南红河哈尼稻作梯田为案例区域,通过生计资本指标体系构建和量化,对比分析了不同生计途径农户的生计状况。评估结果发现,农户的生计资本均值为2.312,生计资本处于匮乏状态,金融资本值最低,而文化资本值最高。从事农业和打工是当前农户的主要生计途径,旅游接待成为生计拓展的重要形式。三类农户生计资本值和家庭年均收入排序相同,都表现为旅游接待户打工兼业户纯农业户,纯农业户的生计状况最差。从单项生计资本看,旅游接待户和打工兼业户的人力资本显著高于纯农业户,物质资本和金融资本比较中,旅游接待户显著高于其他两类农户,说明人力资本越丰富的农户越可能倾向于兼业,农户开展旅游接待需要较高的物质和金融资本作为基础。这意味着,农业文化遗产保护要大力提高农户的农业经营收益,延长农业的价值链和产业链,完善农村金融市场,开展旅游接待培训,从人力、金融等多方面改善农户生计资本状况,实现生计途径拓展。